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Sex Differences in Brain Maturation during Childhood and Adolescence
Abstract
Brain development during childhood and adolescence is characterized by both progressive myelination and regressive pruning processes. However, sex differences in brain maturation remain poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the relationships between age and sex with cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas in 118 healthy children and adolescents (61 males and 57 females), aged 6-17 years. Gender groups were similar on measures of age, handedness, socioeconomic status and Full Scale IQ. Significant age-related reductions in cerebral gray and increases in white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas were evident, while intracranial and cerebral volumes did not change significantly. Significant sex by age interactions were seen for cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas. Specifically, males had more prominent age-related gray matter decreases and white matter volume and corpus callosal area increases compared with females. While these data are from a cross-sectional sample and need to be replicated in a longitudinal study, the findings suggest that there are age-related sex differences in brain maturational processes. The study of age-related sex differences in cerebral pruning and myelination may aid in understanding the mechanism of several developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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“To limit treatment‐related variability and inherent sex differences in brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange, Giedd, Castellanos, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1997; Kang, Herron, & Woods, 2011), while maximizing eligible participants, we restricted this study to males only.”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Firstly, sex is known to modulate brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange et al., 1997; Kang et al., 2011) so that manifestation of late effects at any given age may depend on sex (Anderson & Kunin‐Batson, 2009; Buizer, de Sonneville, van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, & Veerman, 2005).”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Sex differences in applying the model learned from one sex on another support multiple studies suggesting earlier maturation in females (De Bellis et al. 2001;Lenroot et al. 2007).”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“We validated the sensitivity of this index to the well-established sex difference in maturation, which is earlier in females (De Bellis et al. 2001;Lenroot et al. 2007), by applying the male predictors to the female sample and vice versa.”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“In addition to age, pubertal status and hormone titers significantly interact with sex to affect white matter volume in multiple tracts in the human brain, including those connecting higher association cortices (Asato et al., 2010; Chavarria et al., 2014; De Bellis et al., 2001; Herting et al., 2012; Peper et al., 2008; Perrin et al., 2008; Perrin et al., 2009).”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“When controlling for age, both pubertal hormones and stage of puberty correlate with changes in gray matter across adolescent development in disparate regions of cortex (De Bellis et al., 2001), including in the frontal cortex (Bramen et al., 2011; Gogtay et al., 2004; Herting et al., 2014; Herting et al., 2015; Koolschijn et al., 2014; Neufang et al., 2009; Peper et al., 2009a; Raznahan et al., 2”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
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Genes, Evolution and Intelligence
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BackgroundSex differences in brain activity related to general and emotional intelligence
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BackgroundInfluentialDelayed myelination in children with developmental delay detected by volumetric MRI
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“Boys have greater rates of age-dependent increase in total white matter volume than girls (De Bellis et al. 2001; Lenroot et al. 2007).”
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Crozier, J. C., Wang, L., Huettel, S. A., & De Bellis, M. D. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941400008x · Cited by 64
The development of psychotic disorders in adolescence: A potential role for hormones
Trotman, H. D., Holtzman, C. W., Ryan, A. T., Shapiro, D. I., MacDonald, A. N., Goulding, S. M., Brasfield, J. L., & Walker, E. F. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.018 · Cited by 67
“…is characterized by changes in brain structure and function, and neuroimaging advances have greatly contributed to our understanding of human brain development (Adams et al., 2000; Blakemore, 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; Giedd et al., 1999; Giedd et al., 1996; Sowell et al., 2001; Spear, 2000).”
BackgroundSleep EEG Evidence of Sex Differences in Adolescent Brain Maturation
Campbell, I. G., Darchia, N., Khaw, W. Y., Higgins, L. M., & Feinberg, I. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.5.637 · Cited by 64
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“It is intriguing to speculate on the influence of sex hormones on neuregulinmediated neuronal migration and myelination (Mei and Xiong 2008), which might underlie observed sex differences in cerebral grey and white matter volume during childhood and adolescence ( De Bellis et al. 2001 ).”
BackgroundLessons About Neurodevelopment From Anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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“For example, sex differences have been reported in brain maturation processes in a sample of pre-pubertal and adolescent participants using a cross-sectional design (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
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Age differences in head motion and estimates of cortical morphology
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The Human Adolescent Brain and Alcohol Use Disorders
Tapert, S. F., & Schweinsburg, A. D. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48626-1_9 · Cited by 62
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McKeon, S. D., Perica, M. I., Parr, A. C., Calabro, F. J., Foran, W., Hetherington, H. P., Moon, C., & Luna, B. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101373 · Cited by 74
“…circuits, reflected by a change in the aperiodic model parameters, may thus reflect cortical maturation including refinement of cortical networks, synaptic pruning, myelination, and alterations in the E/I balance (Hill et al., 2022; Uhlhaas et al., 2010; De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundTunbridge, E. M., & Harrison, P. J. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_97 · Cited by 61
“Many aspects of brain function and structure vary between men and women (Gur et al. 1995; Murphy et al. 1996; De Courten-Myers 1999; De Bellis et al. 2001; Goldstein et al. 2001; Preece and Cairns 2003; De Vries 2004), and most psychiatric disorders show sex differences in one or more variables…”
BackgroundSullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A., Torsten Rohlfing, B., Baker, F. C., Padilla, M. L., & Colrain, I. M. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.003 · Cited by 60
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“…step-wise model of cognitive development (V. A. Anderson, Anderson, Northam, Jacobs, & Catroppa, 2001; Casey, Tottenham, Liston, & Durston, 2005; De Bellis et al., 2001; Eslinger, Flaherty-Craig, & Benton, 2004; Gogtay, Giedd, & Rapoport, 2002; Gogtay, Giedd, Lusk, et al., 2004; Klingberg et al.,…”
Sex-specific Behavioral Features of Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Jeon, S. J., Gonzales, E. L., Mabunga, D. F. N., Valencia, S. T., Kim, D. G., Kim, Y., Adil, K. J., Shin, D., Park, D., & Shin, C. Y. (2018) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en.2018.27.5.321 · Cited by 67
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“To limit treatment- related variability and inherent sex differences in brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange, Giedd, Castellanos, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1997; Kang, Herron, & Woods, 2011), while maximizing eligible participants, we restricted this study to males only.”
BackgroundSex difference in brain nerve conduction velocity in normal humans
Reed, T. E., Vernon, P. A., & Johnson, A. M. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.016 · Cited by 59
Framework for sex differences in adolescent neurobiology: A focus on cannabinoids
Viveros, M., Marco, E. M., López‐Gallardo, M., García‐Segura, L. M., & Wagner, E. J. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.005 · Cited by 59
“In contrast, boys had more prominent age-related white matter volume and corpus callosal area increases compared with girls (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAge, Sex, and Pubertal Phase Influence Mentalizing About Emotions and Actions in Adolescents
Keulers, E. H. H., Evers, E. A. T., Stiers, P. L. J., & Jolles, J. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.494920 · Cited by 70
“Sex is known to influence the rate of structural brain development as girls reach peak grey matter thickness a few years earlier than boys ( Blanton et al, 2004 ; De Bellis et al, 2001 ; Giedd et al, 2006 ).”
BackgroundSex-dependent changes in neuronal morphology and psychosocial behaviors after pediatric brain injury
Semple, B. D., Dixit, S., Shultz, S. R., Boon, W. C., & O'Brien, T. J. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.045 · Cited by 61
“Inherent differences in cortical volume between the sexes, as evident by considering the uninjured contralateral hemisphere, is consistent with previous findings in both rodents [117] and humans [41,21].”
Hasan, K. M., Halphen, C., Sankar, A., Eluvathingal, T. J., Kramer, L. A., Stuebing, K. K., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., & Fletcher, J. M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.029 · Cited by 59
“Our results are particularly convergent with more recent studies (e.g. Sowell et al., 2003; Castellanos et al., 2002; De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultGupta, A., Mayer, E. A., Acosta, J. R., Hamadani, K., Torgerson, C., van Horn, J. D., Chang, L., Naliboff, B., Tillisch, K., & Labus, J. S. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.02.003 · Cited by 56
“The observed sex related differences may be related to differences in hormonal effects on brain development resulting in differences in myelination and synaptic pruning (De Bellis et al., 2001; Schmithorst et al., 2008).”
Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Developments
Ciccia, A., Meulenbroek, P. A., & Turkstra, L. S. (2009) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0b013e3181b53211 · Cited by 70
“Because the application of these techniques is so new, there are additional limitations that must be addressed, including issues such as within-age variability and possible interactions of age with sex (Blakemore, 2008; Chiu Wong et al., 2006; DeBellis et al., 2001).”
The sexual dimorphic association of cardiorespiratory fitness to working memory in children
Drollette, E. S., Scudder, M. R., Raine, L. B., Moore, R. D., Pontifex, M. B., Erickson, K. I., & Hillman, C. H. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12291 · Cited by 62
Long-term health consequences of violence exposure in adolescence: a 26–year prospective study
Olofsson, N., Lindqvist, K., Shaw, B. A., & Danielsson, I. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-411 · Cited by 57
“Research has shown sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence indicating possible diverse developmental pathways due to different or similar adverse experiences such as violence exposure [50,53-55].”
BackgroundUnderstanding well–being in the evolutionary context of brain development
Keverne, E. B. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1517 · Cited by 59
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“Because of the continued brain development involving myelination and pruning processes, children may be particularly sensitive to caffeine (3, 4).”
BackgroundComparative Advantage and Gender Gap in STEM
Goulas, S., Griselda, S., & Megalokonomou, R. (2022) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.0320-10781r2 · Cited by 58
“The main research in this area includes analysis of diversity in brain composition (Gur et al. 1999; De Bellis et al. 2001; Cahill 2005; Gallagher and Kaufman 2005), males ’ greater spatial orientation due to…”
Smith, K. W., Gierski, F., André, J., Dowell, N. G., Cercignani, M., Naassïla, M., & Duka, T. (2015) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12332 · Cited by 60
“These effects cannot be attributed to differential developmental stage of white matter integrity between men and women (De Bellis et al. 2001) as they were seen not only in regions of the corpus callosum associated with prefrontal brain areas, which reach maturity last, but also in sensorimotor…”
BackgroundAtypical Brain Activation of Reading Processes in Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Backes, W. H., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., Wennekes, R., Spronk, P., Wuisman-Frerker, M. G. F., van Engelshoven, J. M. A., & Jolles, J. (2002) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738020170121601 · Cited by 56
Assessing social cognition: age-related changes in moral reasoning in childhood and adolescence
Chiasson, V., Vera-Estay, E., Lalonde, G., Dooley, J. J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1268650 · Cited by 56
“…& Hess, 2009), abilities that are related to MR. Research suggesting sex-specific maturational change at the level of brain development (Courchesne et al., 2000; De Bellis et al., 2001; Giedd et al., 1996, 1999; Ingalhalikar et al., 2014) could provide a possible explanation for these differences.”
BackgroundYoung, J. T., Shi, Y., Niethammer, M., Grauer, M., Coe, C. L., Lubach, G. R., Davis, B., Budin, F., Knickmeyer, R. C., Alexander, A. L., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00029 · Cited by 55
“…during childhood and adolescence through several large-scale cross-sectional (Pfefferbaum et al., 1994; Caviness et al., 1996; Reiss et al., 1996; Courchesne et al., 2000; De Bellis et al., 2001) and longitudinal studies (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2004; Lenroot and Giedd, 2006).”
BackgroundPerinatal exposure to bisphenol A at the intersection of stress, anxiety, and depression
Wiersielis, K., Samuels, B. A., & Roepke, T. A. (2020) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106884 · Cited by 57
Does the Animal Fun program improve motor performance in children aged 4–6years?
Piek, J. P., McLaren, S., Kane, R. T., Jensen, L., Dender, A. M., Roberts, C. M., Rooney, R. M., Packer, T. L., & Straker, L. M. (2012) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2012.08.004 · Cited by 61
Ide, J., Li, H.-T., Chen, Y., Le, T. M., Li, C. S. P., Zhornitsky, S., & Li, C.-S. R. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117085 · Cited by 53
Herting, M. M., & Nagel, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00344 · Cited by 59
“Notably, female and male adolescents have structural and functional brain differences (Bramen et al., 2011; Lenroot & Giedd, 2010; De Bellis et al., 2001; Giedd, Snell, et al., 1996; Giedd, Vaituzis, et al., 1996), as well as differences in activity levels (Riddoch et al., 2004) and aerobic…”
Mous, S. E., Schoemaker, N. K., Blanken, L. M. E., Thijssen, S., van der Ende, J., Polderman, T. J. C., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., Tiemeier, H. W., et al. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2015.1067214 · Cited by 62
“It may be due to neurobiological differences, such as differences in white-matter development between boys and girls (De Bellis et al., 2001), but it may also be attributable to different experiences of boys and girls that are important for the acquisition, selection, and use of strategies in…”
BackgroundDiffusion Tensor Imaging–Based Characterization of Brain Neurodevelopment in Primates
Shi, Y., Short, S. J., Knickmeyer, R. C., Wang, J., Coe, C. L., Niethammer, M., Gilmore, J. H., Hongtu Zhu, B., & Styner, M. A. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr372 · Cited by 51
“Sex differences have been reported in several studies for both human (Giedd et al. 1999; De Bellis et al. 2001; Schmithorst et al. 2002; Lenroot et al. 2007) and nonhuman primates.”
BackgroundFemale-Specific Intergenerational Transmission Patterns of the Human Corticolimbic Circuitry
Yamagata, B., Murayama, K., Black, J. M., Hancock, R., Mimura, M., Yang, T. T., Reiss, A. L., & Hoeft, F. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4974-14.2016 · Cited by 51
“There has been increasing consensus on sex differences in grey matter developmental trajectories (Giedd et al., 1999; De Bellis et al., 2001).”
Association between P3 event‐related brain potential amplitude and adolescent problem behavior
Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00422.x · Cited by 57
Büttner, B., & Thomsen, S. L. (2013) · German Economic Review · doi:10.1111/geer.12038 · Cited by 51
“Green and Oxford (1995) confirm that females and males prefer different learning strategies, whereas De Bellis et al. (2001) take into account differences in biological and mental development to conclude that altering the instructional time may lead to gender-specific results.”
BackgroundComparing Brain Morphometry Across Multiple Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
Gold, A. L., Brotman, M. A., Adleman, N. E., Lever, S. N., Steuber, E. R., Fromm, S. J., Mueller, S. C., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.08.008 · Cited by 52
Cognitive Issues in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Portaccio, E., Meo, E. D., Bellinvia, A., & Amato, M. P. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11040442 · Cited by 53
“Moreover, the pons myelinates faster in males than in females [72], which seems to be consistent with the observation of preferential involvement of this structure in boys compared to girls.”
BackgroundEarly-Life Stress Perturbs Key Cellular Programs in the Developing Mouse Hippocampus
Wei, L., Jin, H., Lacher, R. K., Abbott, T. B., Chung, L. M., Colangelo, C. M., & Kaffman, A. (2015) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000430861 · Cited by 53
Koss, W. A., Sadowski, R. N., Sherrill, L. K., Gulley, J. M., & Juraska, J. M. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.023 · Cited by 50
“The cerebral cortex decreases in volume during adolescence in a region- and sex-specificmanner, with the largest decreases occurring in the prefrontal cortex (De Bellis et al., 2001; Giedd, 2004; Sowell et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSex differences moderate the relationship between adolescent language and mentalization.
Rutherford, H. J. V., Wareham, J. D., Vrouva, I., Mayes, L. C., Fonagy, P., & Potenza, M. N. (2012) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0028938 · Cited by 61
“Boys also evident greater loss of gray matter volume as well as increases in white matter and corpus callosum volume relative to girls during development (De Bellis et al. 2001).”
BackgroundNew Frontiers in Animal Research of Psychiatric Illness
Kaffman, A., & Krystal, J. J. (2012) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_1 · Cited by 59
Hay, R. E., Reynolds, J. E., Grohs, M. N., Paniukov, D., Giesbrecht, G. F., Letourneau, N. L., Dewey, D., & Lebel, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0481-20.2020 · Cited by 54
“Some studies show that males experience more prominent age-related gray (De Bellis et al., 2001) and white matter changes compared with females (Simmonds et al., 2014; Reynolds et al., 2019b), although other studies suggest similar development trajectories across sexes (Lebel et al., 2008b;…”
ResultAltered Uncinate Fasciculus Microstructure in Childhood Anxiety Disorders in Boys But Not Girls
Tromp, D., Williams, L. E., Fox, A. S., Oler, J. A., Roseboom, P. H., Rogers, G. M., Benson, B. E., Alexander, A. L., Pine, D. S., & Kalin, N. H. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18040425 · Cited by 49
“Because of known sex differences in the prevalence of anxiety disorders (3, 4) and the interest in sexual dimorphism in the relation to brain development (28, 29), we also examined sex differences in this effect.”
Allendorfer, J. B., Lindsell, C. J., Siegel, M. R., Banks, C., Vannest, J. J., Holland, S. K., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2011) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.014 · Cited by 50
Puberty in the corpus callosum
Chavarria, M. C., Sánchez, F. J., Chou, Y.-Y., Thompson, P. M., & Luders, E. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.030 · Cited by 46
Dayan, M., Muñoz, M., Jentschke, S., Chadwick, M. J., Cooper, J. M., Riney, K., Vargha‐Khadem, F., & Clark, C. A. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0655-y · Cited by 53
“It has been shown that WM volume increases more rapidly in males than females (Giedd et al. 1999; De Bellis et al. 2001; Lenroot and Giedd 2006), especially in the occipital lobe and may be more related to increasing axonal diameters than myelination (Perrin et al. 2008).”
BackgroundWhittle, S., Simmons, J. G., Hendriksma, S., Vijayakumar, N., Byrne, M. L., Dennison, M., & Allen, N. B. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.607 · Cited by 48
“One possible explanation for this may be the positive effect of estradiol on hippocampal structure and development in females (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
Development of sex differences in the human brain
Kurth, F., Gaser, C., & Eileen Luders, A. (2020) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2020.1800617 · Cited by 50
Widjaja, E., Skocic, J., Go, C., Snead, O. C., Mabbott, D., & Smith, M. L. (2013) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12208 · Cited by 45
“During normal development in children and adolescents, there are greater age-related linear increases in WM volumes compared to GM volumes as demonstrated by in vivo quantitative MR (Pfefferbaum et al., 1994; Giedd et al., 1996; Courchesne et al., 2000; De Bellis et al., 2001; Paus et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAge-related changes in prefrontal white matter volume across adolescence
Nagel, B. J., Lisdahl, K. M., Yoshii, J., Schweinsburg, A. D., Moadab, I., & Tapert, S. F. (2006) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000233099.97784.45 · Cited by 45
“In several additional cross-sectional studies, white matter volumes were measured across childhood to adolescence, suggesting linear patterns of overall [6] and prefrontal white matter [3] volume increases.”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Metens, T., Absil, J., De Maertelaer, V., Balériaux, D., David, P., Denolin, V., Van Overmeire, B., Avni, F., Van Bogaert, P., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2690 · Cited by 44
Brain-Based Predictions of Psychiatric Illness–Linked Behaviors Across the Sexes
Dhamala, E., Ooi, L. Q. R., Chen, J., Ricard, J. A., Berkeley, E., Chopra, S., Qu, Y. L., Zhang, X.-H., Lawhead, C., Yeo, B. T. T., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.025 · Cited by 43
The contribution of inhibitory deficits to dangerous driving among young people
O’Brien, F., & Gormley, M. J. (2012) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.024 · Cited by 43
“Furthermore, since neurodevelopment follows different rajectories for the sexes (de Bellis et al., 2001) the potential impact and Prevention 51 (2013) 238– 242 239 on response inhibition could explain the markedly different crash statistics between males and females (OECD, 2006).”
BackgroundIsaacs, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00445 · Cited by 43
Lang, D. J., Yip, E., MacKay, A. L., Thornton, A. E., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., MacEwan, G. W., Kopala, L. C., Smith, G. N., Laule, C., Macrae, C. B., et al. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.10.006 · Cited by 43
“Omnibus ANCOVA models were use to compare MWF scores between groups with age entered as a co-variate and gender entered as an independent factor, as both age and gender are associated with alterations in myelination (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
MethodPiero, L. B. D., Saxbe, D., & Margolin, G. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.005 · Cited by 49
Dai, X., Hadjipantelis, P. Z., Wang, J., Deoni, S., & Müller, H. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24690 · Cited by 41
Sex-related differences in intrinsic brain dynamism and their neurocognitive correlates
de Lacy, N., McCauley, E., Kutz, J. N., & Calhoun, V. D. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116116 · Cited by 42
Neurodevelopmental Trajectories Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Moore, E. M., & Xia, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.695855 · Cited by 42
“As the brain matures differently across sexes in typically developing children (De Bellis et al., 2001; Kaczkurkin et al., 2019), it is possible that PAE impacts neurodevelopmental trajectories differently across the sexes.”
BackgroundSex-differences in grey–white matter structure in normal-reading and dyslexic adolescents
Sandu, A., Specht, K., Beneventi, H., Lundervold, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.022 · Cited by 42
“A similar finding was reported by De Bellis [5], who found that the regression lines for the development of GM”
White, T. J. H., Schmidt, M., Kim, D. I., & Calhoun, V. D. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq114 · Cited by 45
“…shown by studies of synaptic pruning (Huttenlocher 1979), gray matter (GM) changes (Sowell, Thompson, Holmes, Batth, et al. 1999; Sowell, Thompson, Holmes, Jernigan, and Toga 1999), and myelination (Yakovlev and Lecours 1967; Paus et al. 1999; Bartzokis et al. 2001; De Bellis et al. 2001).”
Malagoli, C., & Usai, M. C. (2017) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.10.005 · Cited by 40
Behavioral gender differences in the neonatal period according to the Brazelton scale
Boatella-Costa, E., Moragas, C. C. I., Botet, F., Fornieles-Deu, A., & de Cáceres, M. L. (2006) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.006 · Cited by 42
“In fact, some studies have reported brain sexual dimorphism in children [26,27] but there are few investigations on the neonatal period.”
Backgroundvan der Plas, E. A. A., Qiu, W., Nieman, B. J., Yasui, Y., Liu, Q., Dixon, S. B., Kadan‐Lottick, N. S., Weldon, C. B., Weil, B. R., Jacola, L. M., et al. (2020) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djaa136 · Cited by 41
Relationship between estrogen and schizophrenia
Mortimer, A. M. (2006) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.1.45 · Cited by 41
Bouhrara, M., Cortina, L. E., Rejimon, A. C., Khattar, N., Bergeron, C. M., Bergeron, J., Melvin, D. L., Zukley, L. M., & Spencer, R. G. S. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116307 · Cited by 40
Age-dependence of Schneiderian psychotic symptoms in bipolar patients.
González-Pinto, A., van Os, J., de Heredia, J. L. D., Mosquera, F., Aldama, A., Lalaguna, B., Gutiérrez, M., & Micó, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00320-1 · Cited by 41
Neurobiological Sex Differences in Developmental Dyslexia
Krafnick, A. J., & Evans, T. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02669 · Cited by 37
Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., van Waes, L., & Esser, M. J. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.003 · Cited by 39
Wassenberg, R., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., FERON, F. J. M., Meijs, C. J. C., Vles, J. S. H., & Jolles, J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701523091 · Cited by 39
“Recent brain research has shown that certain regions of the human brain, especially parts of the prefrontal cortex, do not fully mature until early adulthood ( De Bellis et al, 2001 ; Gogtay et al, 2004 ; Klingberg, Vaidya, Gabrieli, Moseley, & Hedehus, 1999 ).”
BackgroundBrain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Children and Young Adults With CKD
Hartung, E. A., Erus, G., Jawad, A. F., Laney, N. C., Doshi, J. J., Hooper, S. R., Radcliffe, J., Davatzikos, C. A., & Furth, S. L. (2018) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.11.024 · Cited by 39
Practical Aspects of Running Developmental Studies in the MEG
Pang, E. W. (2011) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-011-0175-0 · Cited by 40
“Further complicating this matter, it is now known that there are robust sex differences in the developmental trajectories for nearly all structures, with peak gray matter volumes generally occurring earlier for females with as much as a 2 year lag in males [9,30].”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Nutrition in Infancy and Cognitive Performance during Adolescence
Nyaradi, A., Oddy, W. H., Hickling, S., Li, J., & Foster, J. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2015.00002 · Cited by 35
“The difference in males and females’ neurocognitive development may be attributed to sex hormones, as receptors for these hormones can be found across several brain regions (43).”
BackgroundUso da Cannabis medicinal e autismo
Lima, M. C. M., Valênça, M. M., Machado, C. E., Pereira, M. E. D. M., & Brant, P. K. (2020) · Jornal Memorial da Medicina · doi:10.37085/jmmv2.n1.2020.pp.5-14 · Cited by 37
The Relationship of Developmental Changes in White Matter to the Onset of Psychosis
Karlsgodt, K. H., Jacobson, S. C., Seal, M. L., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212799316073 · Cited by 35
“Interestingly, the most consistent finding across studies is gender effects, different developmental trajectories for genders, males increasing WM volume but girls demonstrate increased maturity of white mater microstructure as measured by DTI [51-53].”
BackgroundPosterior–Anterior Brain Maturation Reflected in Perceptual, Motor and Cognitive Performance
Gerván, P., Soltész, P., Rosta‐Filep, O., Berencsi, A., & Kovács, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00674 · Cited by 37
“During childhood and adolescence females have an overall earlier maturation of WM tracts than males (Asato et al., 2010), while boys show a far more prominent WM volumetric increase than girls (De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot et al., 2007).”
BackgroundZhou, C., Zhuang, Y., Lin, X., Michelson, A. D., & Zhang, A. (2019) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.16279 · Cited by 38
“Furthermore, the myelination of various brain regions occurs differently between boys and girls during childhood and adolescence and CNS-induced changes in myelination may cause different results (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- De Bellis, M. D.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-06-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 552-557
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2119268056
- Cited by
- 728
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 14.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03mh043687-01)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA08746-08, P50AA008746)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH041712, MH-41712, K08MH001324, MH 01180, 5 K08 MHO1324-02, MH-43687, K02MH001180)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, brain maturation, brain development, childhood, adolescence, gray matter volume, white matter volume, corpus callosum, myelination, synaptic pruning, intracranial volume
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Myelin Sheath, Puberty, Sex Characteristics, Linear Models
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