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Sex Differences in Brain Maturation during Childhood and Adolescence
Abstract
Brain development during childhood and adolescence is characterized by both progressive myelination and regressive pruning processes. However, sex differences in brain maturation remain poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the relationships between age and sex with cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas in 118 healthy children and adolescents (61 males and 57 females), aged 6-17 years. Gender groups were similar on measures of age, handedness, socioeconomic status and Full Scale IQ. Significant age-related reductions in cerebral gray and increases in white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas were evident, while intracranial and cerebral volumes did not change significantly. Significant sex by age interactions were seen for cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas. Specifically, males had more prominent age-related gray matter decreases and white matter volume and corpus callosal area increases compared with females. While these data are from a cross-sectional sample and need to be replicated in a longitudinal study, the findings suggest that there are age-related sex differences in brain maturational processes. The study of age-related sex differences in cerebral pruning and myelination may aid in understanding the mechanism of several developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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“To limit treatment‐related variability and inherent sex differences in brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange, Giedd, Castellanos, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1997; Kang, Herron, & Woods, 2011), while maximizing eligible participants, we restricted this study to males only.”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Firstly, sex is known to modulate brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Gur et al., 1999; Lange et al., 1997; Kang et al., 2011) so that manifestation of late effects at any given age may depend on sex (Anderson & Kunin‐Batson, 2009; Buizer, de Sonneville, van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, & Veerman, 2005).”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Sex differences in applying the model learned from one sex on another support multiple studies suggesting earlier maturation in females (De Bellis et al. 2001;Lenroot et al. 2007).”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“We validated the sensitivity of this index to the well-established sex difference in maturation, which is earlier in females (De Bellis et al. 2001;Lenroot et al. 2007), by applying the male predictors to the female sample and vice versa.”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“In addition to age, pubertal status and hormone titers significantly interact with sex to affect white matter volume in multiple tracts in the human brain, including those connecting higher association cortices (Asato et al., 2010; Chavarria et al., 2014; De Bellis et al., 2001; Herting et al., 2012; Peper et al., 2008; Perrin et al., 2008; Perrin et al., 2009).”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“When controlling for age, both pubertal hormones and stage of puberty correlate with changes in gray matter across adolescent development in disparate regions of cortex (De Bellis et al., 2001), including in the frontal cortex (Bramen et al., 2011; Gogtay et al., 2004; Herting et al., 2014; Herting et al., 2015; Koolschijn et al., 2014; Neufang et al., 2009; Peper et al., 2009a; Raznahan et al., 2”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as De Bellis et al., 2001
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“…a reasonable explanation for the observed PPI deficits after reelin silencing during puberty, a period characterized by neuronal maturation (De Bellis et al., 2001; Graaf-Peters and Hadders-Algra, 2006; Sisk and Foster, 2004; Spear, 2000), whereas the disturbed information processing which…”
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MethodResultNeural development of mentalizing in moral judgment from adolescence to adulthood
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“Males show more prominent age-related gray and white matter volume changes during brain development (De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot et al., 2007; Lenroot & Giedd, 2010; Perrin et al., 2009) whereas females show greater and earlier changes in the corpus callosum (De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot &…”
Backgroundal'Absi, M., & Allen, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687106 · Cited by 34
Jones, M. A., Mason, G. J., & Pillay, N. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.04.010 · Cited by 38
“…trajectories of brain maturation in human children and adolescents are influenced by sex, with maltreatment-induced abnormalities in brain development more common in males, possibly because of hormonally driven differences in dendritic arborization, pruning and myelination (De Bellis et al. 2001).”
BackgroundNeuroscience and Young Drivers
Glendon, A. I. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381984-0.10009-8 · Cited by 35
Pubertal isolation alters latent inhibition and DA in nucleus accumbens of adult rats
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Gandy, K. C., Scoggins, M., Jacola, L. M., Litten, M., Reddick, W. E., & Krull, K. R. (2021) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkab069 · Cited by 33
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Social neuroscience of child and adolescent depression
Miller, A. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.008 · Cited by 30
Carvalho, A. F., Reyes, B. A. S., Ramalhosa, F., Sousa, N., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0914-6 · Cited by 32
“Adolescence is a critical phase of development where dynamic cellular and anatomical modifications occur in the brain (De Bellis et al. 2001; de Fonseca and Schneider 2008).”
Intelligence and salivary testosterone levels in prepubertal children
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Kates, W. R., Antshel, K. M., Willhite, R., Bessette, B. A., AbdulSabur, N. Y., & Higgins, A. M. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040590911211 · Cited by 32
“Additionally, because we focused on tissue volumes rather than volumes of gray and white compartments of regions of interest, we were unable to detect the sex by age interactions that have been found for segmented cerebral gray and white matter volumes (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRobust sex differences in functional brain connectivity are present in utero
Cook, K. M., De Asis-Cruz, J., Lopez, C., Quistorff, J., Kapse, K., Andersen, N., Vezina, G., & Limperopoulos, C. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac218 · Cited by 31
Do you see what I see? Sex differences in the discrimination of facial emotions during adolescence.
Lee, N. C., Krabbendam, L., White, T. P., Meeter, M., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L. W., Büchel, C., Conrod, P., Flor, H., et al. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033560 · Cited by 40
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Dhamala, E., Jamison, K. W., Jaywant, A., & Kuceyeski, A. F. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25709 · Cited by 30
“Similarly, while some studies have found evidence for sex differences in healthy brain function and structure (Cummings et al., 2020; De Bellis et al., 2001; Ruben C Gur et al., 1999; Ingalhalikar et al., 2014; Kogler et al., 2016; Ritchie et al., 2018; Rodriguez, Warkentin, Risberg, & Rosadini,…”
BackgroundPuberty and testosterone shape the corticospinal tract during male adolescence
Pangelinan, M. M., Leonard, G. T., Perron, M., Pike, G. B., Richer, L., Veillette, S., Pausová, Z., & Paus, T. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0956-9 · Cited by 31
Caffeine Toxicity: A Brief Review and Update
Beauchamp, G. A., Amaducci, A. M., & Cook, M. (2017) · Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.002 · Cited by 32
Capacidad predictiva de la inteligencia emocional sobre el apoyo social percibido de adolescentes
Rosario, M. N. J., Axpe, I., Esnaola, I., Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), V., Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), V., & Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), G. (2020) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.14349/sumapsi.2020.v27.n1.3 · Cited by 32
“…los chicos en esta franja de edad dependa de la maduración más temprana del sistema nervioso central de ellas, implicado en la regulación emocional (De Bellis et al., 2001), así como del efecto del contexto (Clarke, Marks & Lykins, 2016), debido a la socialización diferencial que educa a las…”
BackgroundNeural Plasticity, Human Genetics, and Risk for Alcohol Dependence
Hill, S. Y. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)91003-9 · Cited by 31
“…been investigated across adolescence and young adulthood (Giedd et al., 1999; Paus et al., 1999; Jernigan et al., 1991; Pfefferbaum et al., 1994; DeBellis et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2002, 2003; Lenroot and Geidd, 2006; Gogtay et al., 2004; Nagel et al., 2006), extension of these developmental…”
BackgroundSilveri, M. M., Tzilos, G. K., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02272.x · Cited by 32
“In general, WM volume has been reported to increase during adolescence [3–7], although decreased WM volume also has been reported during late adolescence [8].”
BackgroundThe genetic and environmental etiology of decision‐making: A longitudinal twin study
Tuvblad, C., Gao, Y., Wang, P., Raine, A., Botwick, T., & Baker, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.10.006 · Cited by 30
“The fact that sex differences were found at 14–15 years, but not at ages 11–13 and 16–18 years may be partly due to the age-related sex differences in brainmaturational processes (Campbell, Darchia, Khaw, Higgins, & Feinberg, 2005; De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundTao, Q., Fan, X., Li, T., Tang, Y., Yang, D., & Le, W. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22729 · Cited by 29
“Gonadal hormones act during critical periods of neural development, which may cause male and female brains to develop differently (De Bellis et al., 2001; Hines, 2010).”
Sex Differences in Brain Maturation as Measured Using Event-Related Potentials
Sumich, A. L., Sarkar, S., Hermens, D. F., Ibrahimovic, A., Kelesidi, K., Wilson, D., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2011.653461 · Cited by 30
“…neuroimaging studies have provided further insight into mechanisms underlying sex differences in cognition, with age-related increases in neural activation at frontal regions in girls and at left temporoparietal regions in boys (Rubia et al., 2010; Christakou et al., 2009; De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundKamarajan, C., Pandey, A. K., Chorlian, D. B., Manz, N., Stimus, A. T., Anokhin, A. P., Bauer, L. O., Kuperman, S., Kramer, J., Bucholz, K. K., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142659 · Cited by 34
“This observation could be further reinforced by the evidence for gender differences in anatomical and functional features of the human brain [162–165].”
BackgroundSelective increase in posterior corpus callosum thickness between the age of 4 and 11 years
Westerhausen, R., Fjell, A. M., Krogsrud, S. K., Rohani, D. A., Skranes, J. S., Haberg, A. K., & Walhovd, K. B. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.008 · Cited by 30
“…of the previous studies showing a positive linear association between age and corpus callosum anatomy across childhood and adolescence (De Bellis et al., 2001; Ganjavi et al., 2011; Giedd et al., 1996; Luders et al., 2010b), it also might be taken to indicate that elsewhere reported…”
BackgroundInfluentialMadeen, E. P., & Williams, D. E. (2016) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2016-0045 · Cited by 30
Future Directions for Examination of Brain Networks in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Uddin, L. Q., & Karlsgodt, K. H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1443461 · Cited by 31
“…DTI has become a very practical way to investigate structural connectivity and has been shown to be sensitive to neurodevelopmental change (Asato, Terwilliger, Woo, & Luna, 2010; De Bellis et al., 2001; Giorgio et al., 2010; Kochunov et al., 2012; Schmithorst & Yuan, 2010; Westlye et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPaus, T. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001005 · Cited by 30
Sociological differences between women and men: Implications for autoimmunity
Borchers, A. T., & Gershwin, M. E. (2011) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.016 · Cited by 29
Hart, D. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1127689 · Cited by 29
Brumback, T., Arbel, Y., Donchin, E., & Goldman, M. S. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01444.x · Cited by 29
“…2010), including those structures associated with executive and affective processing (Bramen et al., 2011), white and gray matter distribution (De Bellis et al., 2001; Giedd et al., 1999), and brainwave components that are associated with executive functions (i.e., the Error Related Negativity…”
BackgroundVentral frontal cortex in children: morphology, social cognition and femininity/masculinity.
Wood, J. L., Murko, V., & Nopoulos, P. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn010 · Cited by 29
“The most posterior coronal slice containing some aspect of the posterior medial orbitofrontal gyrus marks the posterior OFC boundary.”
BackgroundInfluentialBrain development parameters and intelligence in Chilean high school graduates
Ivanovic, D. M., Leiva, B. P., Castro, C., Olivares, M. G., Jansana, J. M. M., Castro, V. G., Almagià, A. F., Toro, T. D., Urrutia, M. S. C., Miller, P. T., et al. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.001 · Cited by 29
Automated MRI parcellation of the frontal lobe
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“…mean TCV was found to be 8% r 2018 r smaller than the boys’ mean TCV) and because this comparison provided the greatest statistical power for the available data sample [Caviness et al., 1996; Courchesne et al., 2000; De Bellis et al., 2001; Dekaban, 1978; Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2002].”
BackgroundRoberts, G. M. P., Perry, A., Ridgway, K., Leung, V., Campbell, M. E. J., Lenroot, R., Mitchell, P. B., & Breakspear, M. J. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21010047 · Cited by 26
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“These results are explained for each major factor (risk group, gender, and age group) in the order of higher order (complex) to lower order (simpler) effects in the subsections below.”
BackgroundNeuropsychology and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Hermann, B. P., & Seidenberg, M. (2002) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900017806 · Cited by 28
Crean, R. D., Vandewater, S. A., Katner, S. N., Huitrón‐Reséndiz, S., & Taffe, M. A. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.002 · Cited by 28
“…be especially vulnerable to the effects of alcohol in human adolescents are subserved by brain regions which undergo significant changes in structure and function during adolescence (De Bellis et al. 2000; De Bellis et al. 2001; De Bellis et al. 2005; Huttenlocher 1979; Huttenlocher et al. 1982).”
BackgroundCortical surface complexity in a population-based normative sample
Dombroski, B. A., Nitzken, M., Elnakib, A. A., Khalifa, F., Switala, A. E., El-Baz, A. S., & Casanova, M. F. (2014) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-014-0202-1 · Cited by 27
Evolutionary perspective on sex differences in the expression of neurological diseases
Geary, D. C. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.001 · Cited by 27
Validation and characterisation of a DNA methylation alcohol biomarker across the life course
Yousefi, P., Richmond, R. C., Langdon, R., Ness, A., Liu, C., Levy, D. A., Relton, C. L., Suderman, M. J., & Zuccolo, L. (2019) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-019-0753-7 · Cited by 26
“Self-reported alcohol intake is the most commonly used source of information, but such measurements are fraught with both error and bias, and generally underestimate exposure [2, 3].”
BackgroundStructural brain alterations in older adults exposed to early-life adversity
Ancelin, M., Carrière, I., Artéro, S., Maller, J. J., Meslin, C., Dupuy, A., Ritchie, K. A., Ryan, J. L., & Chaudieu, I. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105272 · Cited by 28
La maturation cérébrale à l’adolescence
Holzer, L., Halfon, O., & Thoua, V. (2011) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.01.032 · Cited by 27
Cloak, C. C., Alicata, D., Chang, L., Andrews‐Shigaki, B., & Ernst, T. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.017 · Cited by 27
“Furthermore, the higher CHO levels in the ACC of the older male, but not female, controls may reflect more pruning, which is consistent with the more rapid decline in gray matter volumes reported in boys 6–17 year old boys (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
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de Azeredo, L. A., Wearick‐Silva, L. E., Viola, T. W., Tractenberg, S. G., Centeno‐Silva, A., Orso, R., Schröder, N., Bredy, T. W., & Grassi‐Oliveira, R. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.006 · Cited by 29
“In this concern, adolescence is a transitional period before full sexual maturity in which occur various neurodevelopmental modifications (De Bellis et al., 2001; Schneider, 2013), such as myelination of fiber tracts and an overproduction of axons and synapses followed by rapid pruning.”
BackgroundStructural and functional neural correlates of schizotypy: A systematic review.
Tonini, E., Quidé, Y., Kaur, M., Whitford, T. J., & Green, M. J. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000260 · Cited by 25
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“Whereas some researchers highlighted the possible influence of biological factors (eg, hormones, brain structure and differences in maturation of grey and white matter; De Bellis et al, 2001 ; Giedd et al, 1999 ), others emphasize the fundamental role of sociocultural factors that may contribute to the different ways…”
BackgroundPérez-Garza, R., Figueroa, G. V., & Ulloa, R. E. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2016/1928747 · Cited by 25
Adolescent sex differences in cortico-subcortical functional connectivity during response inhibition
Chung, Y. S., Calhoun, V. D., & Stevens, M. C. G. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00718-y · Cited by 27
“Both boys and girls show relatively protracted development of the frontal regions than subcortical regions (Casey et al., 2008; De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot & Giedd, 2010).”
BackgroundChurchill, N. W., Hutchison, M. G., Graham, S. J., & Schweizer, T. A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58073-9 · Cited by 26
Sexual Dimorphism in Brain Development: Influence on Affective Disorders
López-Ojeda, W., & Hurley, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20100269 · Cited by 24
Blagus, R., Jurak, G., Starc, G., & Leskošek, B. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004265 · Cited by 25
“Girls’ earlier maturation may lead to an estrogenmediated delay in dendritic pruning (12).”
BackgroundThe development of sensorimotor cortical oscillations is mediated by pubertal testosterone
Fung, M. H., Heinrichs‐Graham, E., Taylor, B. K., Frenzel, M. R., Eastman, J. A., Wang, Y., Calhoun, V. D., Stephen, J. M., & Wilson, T. W. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119745 · Cited by 25
“…cell death to influence cortical structural changes Ahmed et al., 2008 ; Davis et al., 1996 ; Nuñez et al., 2002 ), which re thought to result in sexually dimorphic patterns of grey and white atter development ( De Bellis, 2001 ; Giedd et al., 1999 ; Gogtay et al., 004 ; Shaw et al., 2008 ).”
BackgroundMeasures of Brain Connectivity and Cognition by Sex in US Children
Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0157 · Cited by 27
Oskar, S., Balalian, A. A., & Stingone, J. A. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170754 · Cited by 25
Hu, L. (2024) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331241240670 · Cited by 33
“This viewpoint is substantiated by contemporary neurosci-enti fi c research, which indicates signi fi cant differences in brain functionality between boys and girls (De Bellis et al., 2001; Lenroot & Giedd, 2010).”
Kim, S. J., Park, M., Lee, J. W., Chung, N. G., Cho, B., Lee, I. G., & Chung, S. Y. (2015) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.4.463 · Cited by 25
“Gender differences in brain maturation, such as the smaller white matter increase in girls during childhood (29), may explain divergent vulnerabilities between males and females.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Citicoline Supplementation on Motor Speed and Attention in Adolescent Males
McGlade, E., Agoston, A. M., DiMuzio, J. M., Kizaki, M., Nakazaki, E., Kamiya, T., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715593633 · Cited by 25
Elevated striatal γ-aminobutyric acid in youth with major depressive disorder
Bradley, K., Alonso, C. M., Mehra, L. M., Xu, J., & Gabbay, V. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.06.004 · Cited by 25
Left-Right Differences on Timed Motor Examination in Children
Roeder, M. B., Mahone, E. M., Larson, J. G., Mostofsky, S. H., Cutting, L. E., Goldberg, M. C., & DENCKLA, M. B. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701370016 · Cited by 25
“De Bellis et al. (2001) found that boys had a 45.”
BackgroundInfluentialGender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Findings from a multicentric study from India
Tripathi, A., Avasthi, A., Grover, S., Sharma, E., Lakdawala, B. M., Thirunavukarasu, M., Dan, A., Sinha, V., Sareen, H., Mishra, K. K., et al. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.07.022 · Cited by 31
Age and gender differences in static and dynamic balance of Chinese preschool children
Li, R., Liu, M., Zhu, J., Li, R., Zhao, H., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1013171 · Cited by 24
King, J. B., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Stoeckel, A. H., DiMuzio, J. M., & Lopez-Larson, M. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00232 · Cited by 24
Brain morphology in children with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Shiohama, T., Fujii, K., Miyashita, T., Mizuochi, H., Uchikawa, H., & Shimojo, N. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38115 · Cited by 24
“For example, one study previously reported that there is a sex-based difference in cerebral volume, but not in the corpus callosum area (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundNetwork specialization during adolescence: Hippocampal effective connectivity in boys and girls
Riley, J. D., Chen, E. E., Winsell, J., Davis, E. P., Glynn, L. M., Baram, T. Z., Sandman, C. A., Small, S. L., & Solodkin, A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.013 · Cited by 23
“White matter volumes appear to increase to a greater extent in boys relative to girls during childhood and adolescence (De Bellis, 2001), postulated to be due to testosterone-mediated increases in axonal caliber (Perrin et al., 2008).”
Lee, J. R., & Loepke, A. W. (2018) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kja.d.18.00165 · Cited by 24
“Are there any gender differences in response to anesthetic exposure in animals or humans? Beginning in childhood and leading into adolescence, brain maturation differs significantly between sexes [82].”
BackgroundPrussien, K. V., Salihu, A., Abdullahi, S. U., Galadanci, N. A., Bulama, K., Belonwu, R., Kirkham, F. J., Yarboi, J., Bemis, H., DeBaun, M. R., et al. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1526272 · Cited by 25
“…of why boys with SCA show greater impairment on cognitive function tasks in this population have not been clearly defined; however, findings from the field of neuroscience provide evidence that brain maturation might occur at different rates for boys relative to girls (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundHopkins, W. D., & Phillips, K. A. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20421 · Cited by 24
“While some have reported sex differences in humans in the growth trajectories of the CC and its subdivisions (De Bellis et al., 2001; Pujol et al., 1993), others have not (Giedd et al., 1999; Hasan, Ewing- Developmental Psychobiology 138 Hopkins and Phillips Cobbs et al., 2008; Lenroot et al.,…”
BackgroundYoshiura, T., Mihara, F., Tanaka, A., Togao, O., Taniwaki, T., Nakagawa, A., Nakao, T., Noguchi, T., Kuwabara, Y., & Honda, H. (2005) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2004.12.015 · Cited by 24
The Adolescent Surge in Depression and Emergence of Gender Differences
Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0013 · Cited by 25
Dannenhoffer, C. A., Robertson, M. M., Macht, V. A., Mooney, S. M., Boettiger, C. A., & Robinson, D. L. (2021) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.07.004 · Cited by 28
Brain processes in discounting: consequences of adolescent methylphenidate exposure.
Adriani, W., Zoratto, F., & Laviola, G. (2012) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_156 · Cited by 23
“Clinical studies with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown robust decreases in grey matter density in several areas of brain growth during the transitions between childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (De Bellis et al. 2001; Sowell et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe Gender Revolution in Context: How Later Tracking in Education Benefits Girls
Scheeren, L., van de Werfhorst, H. G., & Bol, T. (2018) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soy025 · Cited by 25
“Generally, during adolescence, girls are developmentally more advanced than boys: girls enter puberty at an earlier age and have more advanced psychosocial and brain development (De Bellis et al. 2001; Giedd et al. 2006).”
BackgroundIdentifying Early Behavioral and Molecular Markers of Future Stress Sensitivity
Goel, N., & Bale, T. L. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0479 · Cited by 23
Impact of Pubertal Stage at First Drink on Adult Drinking Behavior
Blomeyer, D., Friemel, C. M., Buchmann, A. F., Banaschewski, T., Laucht, M., & Schneider, M. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12154 · Cited by 22
Self-regulation in the pre-adolescent brain
Pas, P., Pol, H. E. H., Raemaekers, M. A. H., & Vink, M. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101012 · Cited by 34
Using Organoids to Model Sex Differences in the Human Brain
Pavlinek, A., Adhya, D., Tsompanidis, A., Warrier, V., Baron‐Cohen, S., Allison, C. L., Warrier, V., Tsompanidis, A., Adhya, D., Holt, R., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100343 · Cited by 22
“Brain volume, which is a global measure of structural differences, is larger in males than females on average (13 – 15).”
Crespo‐Facorro, B., Roiz‐Santiáñez, R., Pérez‐Iglesias, R., Mata, I. F., Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. M., Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez, D., de la Foz, V. O., Tabarés‐Seisdedos, R., Sánchez, E., Andreasen, N. C., et al. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.01.005 · Cited by 22
“A nonlinear interaction of sex with age in cortical morphometric measures has been proposed (Giedd et al., 1999) with different neurodevelopmental trajectories (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundHo, A., Villacis, A. J., Svirsky, S. E., Foilb, A. R., & Romeo, R. D. (2011) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20987 · Cited by 22
“…and myelinated fiber tracts have been reported to increase (Giedd et al., 1996; Giedd et al., 1997; Giedd et al., 1999; De Bellis et al., 2001; Romeo and Sisk, 2001; Isgor et al., 2004; Juraska and Markham, 2004; Suzuki et al., 2005; Cooke, 2010; Knickmeyer et al., 2010;…”
BackgroundMasculinity/Femininity Predicts Brain Volumes in Normal Healthy Children
Belfi, A. M., Conrad, A. L., Dawson, J. D., & Nopoulos, P. (2014) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2013.839681 · Cited by 25
“Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, and Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Previous research has shown sex differences in brain morphology (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBigi, S., Marrie, R. A., Till, C., Yeh, E. A., Akbar, N., Feinstein, A., & Banwell, B. (2017) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-017-2813-0 · Cited by 22
Socialization of prosocial behavior: Gender differences in the mediating role of child brain volume
Kok, R., Prinzie, P., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Verhulst, F. C., White, T. J. H., Tiemeier, H. W., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1338340 · Cited by 22
“Analyses were controlled for child gender and age at MRI measurement to adjust for gender and age differences in brain maturation (De Bellis et al., 2001).”
MethodSherief, L. M., Sanad, R., Elhaddad, A., Shebl, A., Abdelkhalek, E. R., Elsafy, E. R., Hassan, T., Raafat, N., Kamal, N. M., & Attia, E. I. (2018) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573396314666181031134919 · Cited by 22
Christensen, J., Yamakawa, G. R., Salberg, S., Wang, M., Kolb, B. E., & Mychasiuk, R. (2019) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.22142 · Cited by 22
“It is, however, interesting that females tended to exhibit more spines and this may reflect sex differences in brain maturation and normal pruning processes (De Bellis, 2001).”
BackgroundReed, T. E., Vernon, P. E., & Johnson, A. M. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.004 · Cited by 22
The impact of pubertal DHEA on the development of visuospatial oscillatory dynamics
Fung, M. H., Rahman, R. L., Taylor, B. K., Frenzel, M. R., Eastman, J. A., Wang, Y., Calhoun, V. D., Stephen, J. M., & Wilson, T. W. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25991 · Cited by 20
The hemispheric lateralization of sleep spindles in humans
Bódizs, R., Gombos, F., Ujma, P. P., Szakadát, S., Sándor, P., Simor, P., Pótári, A., Konrad, B. N., Genzel, L., Steiger, A., et al. (2017) · Sleep Spindles & Cortical Up States · doi:10.1556/2053.01.2017.002 · Cited by 21
“In contrast to the findings on the developmental trajectories of brain maturation/cortical thinning (De Bellis et al., 2001; Nguyen et al., 2013), we could not reveal a sharp female/male difference in the hemispheric laterality indices of sleep spindles in teenagers.”
ResultChildren's shyness and frontal brain maturation
Schmidt, L. A., & Poole, K. L. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.043 · Cited by 21
Gender modulates the development of theta event related oscillations in adolescents and young adults
Chorlian, D. B., Rangaswamy, M., Manz, N., Kamarajan, C., Pandey, A. K., Edenberg, H. J., Kuperman, S., & Porjesz, B. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.020 · Cited by 22
Mychasiuk, R., Muhammad, A., & Kolb, B. E. (2014) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21737 · Cited by 20
“We did see remediation of three neuroanatomical parameters in male offspring that were not found in female offspring, providing further support to sex-dependent neuroplasticity of the developing brain (e.g., Bale, 2011; De Bellis et al., 2001; McCarthy et al., 2009; McCarthy and Arnold, 2011).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- De Bellis, M. D.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-06-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 552-557
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2119268056
- Cited by
- 728
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 14.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03mh043687-01)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA08746-08, P50AA008746)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH041712, MH-41712, K08MH001324, MH 01180, 5 K08 MHO1324-02, MH-43687, K02MH001180)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, brain maturation, brain development, childhood, adolescence, gray matter volume, white matter volume, corpus callosum, myelination, synaptic pruning, intracranial volume
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Myelin Sheath, Puberty, Sex Characteristics, Linear Models
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