The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Topologically Reorganized Connectivity Architecture of Default-Mode, Executive-Control, and Salience Networks across Working Memory Task Loads
Open accessAbstract
The human brain is topologically organized into a set of spatially distributed, functionally specific networks. Of these networks, the default-mode network (DMN), executive-control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) have received the most attention recently for their vital roles in cognitive functions. However, very little is known about whether and how the interactions within and between these 3 networks would be modulated by cognitive demands. Here, we employed graph-based modularity analysis to identify the DMN, ECN, and SN during an N-back working memory (WM) task and further investigated the modulation of intra- and inter-network interactions at different cognitive loads. As the task load elevated, functional connectivity decreased within the DMN while increased within the ECN, and the SN connected more with both the DMN and ECN. Within-network connectivity of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex was differentially modulated by cognitive load. Further, the superior parietal regions in the ECN showed increased internetwork connections at higher WM loads, and these increases correlated positively with WM task performance. Together, these findings advance our understanding of dynamic integrations of specialized brain systems in response to cognitive demands and may serve as a baseline for assessing potential disruptions of these interactions in pathological conditions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The CEN, anchored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC), is associated with executive functioning [36–42].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fast unfolding of communities in large networks
Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/p10008 · Cited by 21,424
Finding and evaluating community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J., & Girvan, M. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.69.026113 · Cited by 13,931
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function
Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0 · Cited by 5,592
Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.69.066133 · Cited by 5,415
Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest
Smith, S. M., Fox, P. T., Miller, K. L., Glahn, D. C., Fox, P. M., Mackay, C. E., Filippini, N., Watkins, K. E., Toro, R., Laird, A. R., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0905267106 · Cited by 5,150
Friston, K. J., Harrison, L., & Penny, W. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00202-7 · Cited by 4,583
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–261 of 261
Egan, M. K., Costines, C., D’Esposito, M., & Sadaghiani, S. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00124 · Cited by 3
Fan, D., Che, X., Jiang, Y., He, Q., Yu, J., & Zhao, H. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae140 · Cited by 2
Li, Z., Fang, H., Fan, W., Wu, J., Cui, J., Li, B., & Wang, C. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae374 · Cited by 2
Aykan, S., Laguitton, V., Villalon, S. M., Lagarde, S., Makhalova, J., Bartoloméi, F., & Bénar, C. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.11.019 · Cited by 2
Imprints of extreme prematurity on functional brain networks in school-aged children and adolescents
Tokariev, M., Vuontela, V., Tokariev, A., Lönnberg, P., ANDERSSON, S. M., Mäenpää, H., Metsäranta, M., Lano, A., & Carlson, S. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121447 · Cited by 2
Grady, C. L., Rieck, J. R., Nichol, D., & Garrett, D. D. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa179 · Cited by 2
Early deafness leads to re-shaping of global functional connectivity beyond the auditory cortexPreprint
Bonna, K., Finc, K., Zimmermann, M., Bola, Ł., Mostowski, P., Szul, M. J., Rutkowski, P., Duch, W., Marchewka, A., Jednoróg, K., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.11915 · Cited by 2
Esmaeili, M., Bjørkeli, E. B., Pedersen, R., Falahati, F., Johansson, J. J., Nordin, K., Karalija, N., Bäckman, L., Nyberg, L. H., & Salami, A. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.104053.1 · Cited by 2
Stable decoding of working memory load through frequency bands
Duleme, M., Perrey, S., & Dray, G. (2022) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2022.2026312 · Cited by 2
New Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Larrivee, D. C. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.111259 · Cited by 2
Li, L., Chen, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Liu, H., Wu, D., Ren, P., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad546 · Cited by 2
Underexplored Connections Between Diabetes, Hypomanic States and Insecure Attachment
Bogdanova, D., Maes, M. H. J., & Stoyanov, D. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s524823 · Cited by 1
Qian, X., Ng, K. K., Yeo, S. N., Loke, Y. M., Cheung, Y. B., Feng, L., Chong, M. S., Ng, T. P., Krishnan, K., Guan, C., et al. (2025) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf250 · Cited by 1
Xiao, Z., Chen, B., Yang, M., Wang, Q., Xu, D., Lin, G., Gao, P., Liang, S., Liu, Q., Li, J., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725100706 · Cited by 1
Elmer, S., Besson, M., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & Giroud, N. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120026 · Cited by 1
Perez, T. M., Adhia, D. B., Glue, P., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P. W., Navid, M. S., Niazi, I. K., Young, C. K., Smith, M. L., & Ridder, D. J. M. K. D. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01279-z · Cited by 2
L’attention soutenue et le vagabondage mental ou « mind-wandering »
Ziane, C., Wardak, C., & Hamed, S. B. (2025) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2025.03.003 · Cited by 1
Cruzat, J., Deco, G., Campo, A. T., Príncipe, A., Costa, A., Kringelbach, M. L., & Rocamora, R. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/089326 · Cited by 1
Lebedev, A. V., Nilsson, J., & Lövdén, M. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/202630 · Cited by 1
Modularity analysis of brain network under real-time working memory feedback training
Yu, X., & Zhao, X. (2016) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2016.7727807
Noradrenergic modulation of functional brain networks underlying executive control
Breeden, A. L. (2016) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)
Murphy, A. C., Bertolero, M. A., & Bassett, D. S. (2018) · Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience (CCN) · doi:10.32470/ccn.2018.1210-0
Burke, K. M., Molholm, S., Butler, J. S., Ross, L. A., & Foxe, J. J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/581777
The role of the default mode network in contextual control
Smith, V. (2019) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.49069
Akama, H., Yuan, Y., & Awazu, S. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2157
Weber, S., Aleman, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.466925
Theories, Models, and Hypotheses
Barbey, A. K., Karama, S., & Haier, R. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108635462.007
Conectividade funcional e estrutural em pacientes com epilepsia focal
de Campos, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2016.977090
Xue, C., Qi, W., Yuan, Q., Hu, G., Ge, H., Rao, J., Xiao, C., & Chen, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-394271/v2
(2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw087
Xue, C., Qi, W., Yuan, Q., Hu, G., Ge, H., Rao, J., Xiao, C., & Chen, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-394271/v1
Neuroimaging Methods and Findings
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108635462.013
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Bao, J., Guo, D., Zhang, L., Pan, L., Yin, J., & Song, Y. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1572178/v1
Song, L., Wang, P., Li, H., Weiss, P. H., Fink, G. R., Zhou, X., & Chen, Q. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500143
SORL1 rs1699102 Moderates the Effect of Sex on Language Network
Fan, J., Zhu, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, C., Li, X., Chen, K., Chen, X., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-221133
Entangled brains and the experience of pains
Hardcastle, V. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1359687
Chen, L., Lei, B., Li, Z., & Jiang, J. (2024) · Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas · doi:10.37360/blacpma.24.23.5.52
Unravelling the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying counterconditioning in humans
Wirz, L., Houtekamer, M. C., de Vos, J. H., Dunsmoor, J. E., Homberg, J. R., Henckens, M. J. A. G., & Hermans, E. J. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605706 · Cited by 1
Unravelling the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying counterconditioning in humansPreprint
Wirz, L., Houtekamer, M. C., de Vos, J. H., Dunsmoor, J. E., Homberg, J. R., Henckens, M. J. A. G., & Hermans, E. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.101518
Unravelling the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying counterconditioning in humansPreprint
Wirz, L., Houtekamer, M. C., de Vos, J. H., Dunsmoor, J. E., Homberg, J. R., Henckens, M. J. A. G., & Hermans, E. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.101518.1
Esmaeili, M., Bjørkeli, E. B., Pedersen, R., Falahati, F., Johansson, J. J., Nordin, K., Karalija, N., Bäckman, L., Nyberg, L. H., & Salami, A. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624334
Wang, Y., Deng, C., Li, H., Gao, Y., Shi, B., Huang, X., & Gong, Q. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70077
Impact of Anesthesia on Brain Functional Networks in Moyamoya Disease and Spinal Lesions
Chen, X., Qin, X., Li, Z., Wang, S., Liang, Z., Zhang, H., Yao, L., Xiaoli Li, A., Duan, R., Wang, R., et al. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70358
Network Neuroscience of Human Multitasking: Local Features MatterPreprint
Mueckstein, M., Hilger, K., Heinzel, S., Granacher, U., Rapp, M. A., & Stelzel, C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651494
Unravelling the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying counterconditioning in humansPreprint
Wirz, L., Houtekamer, M. C., de Vos, J. H., Dunsmoor, J. E., Homberg, J. R., Henckens, M. J. A. G., & Hermans, E. J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.101518.2
Functional MRI from a Big Data Perspective
Xia, M., & Yong He, A. (2025) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4438-6_31
Wang, X., Herold, C. J., Kong, L., Chan, R. C. K., & Schröder, J. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121374 · Cited by 1
Dynamic Brain Network Changes Associated with Successful Smoking CessationPreprint
Im, J. J., Kim, H., Lee, J.-H., Park, H. J., Joh, H., & Ahn, W. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.13.676003
A Functional Resting-State Network Atlas Based on 420 Older Adults with HypertensionPreprint
Scheel, N., Fernandez, Z., Baker, J., Yanev, P. G., Keller, J. N., Binder, E. F., Vidoni, E. D., Burns, J. M., Stowe, A. M., Kerwin, D. R., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690831
Task-Aware Effective Connectivity Modeling for Cognitive Function Prediction
Zou, W., Li, Y., Hu, X., Chen, X., & Liu, A. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3644481
Longitudinal brain connectivity changes associated with successful smoking cessation
Im, J. J., Kim, H., Lee, J.-H., Park, H. J., Joh, H., & Ahn, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1734803
Xu, Y., Weigard, A. S., Wilson, S. J., Shapiro, Z. R., Galloway-Long, H., Warner, T., Roule, A. L., Hlutkowsky, C. O., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2026) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaf269 · Cited by 1
Decoding P300 as a shared neural mechanism for oddball target detection and working memory updating
Yang, W., Xiang, S., & Huang, B. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114757
Li, J., Tong, Z., Cai, W., Xu, Q., Huang, X., Xiong, B., Ye, W., Fang, C., Chen, X., Deng, C., et al. (2026) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.70210
Mapping fMRI research in disorders of consciousness: a bibliometric study
Wang, X.-C., Zhu, D., Lü, J., Guo, G.-L., Fu, F., Wang, L., Lu, H. J., Xu, B.-G., & Chen, W.-G. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1807532
An fMRI-based study of the effect of audiovisual stimulus temporal pacing on brain responses
Wang, L., An, X., Zhao, L., Liu, S., & Ming, D. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121972
The onco-functional reorganization of language network underlying metaplasticity induced by gliomas
Jin, L., Zuo, Z., Kang, J., Liu, F., Song, Y., Liu, X., Cai, K., Wu, W., Li, C. L., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1850713
State-dependent dual-site prefrontal TMS bidirectionally modulates working-memory accuracy
Wei, J., Chen, S., Sommer, W., & Zhou, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1836043
Lozano, F. E., & Martín-Fernández, J. (2026) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-026-03158-w · Cited by 1
Zhong, J., Ci, B., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887948
Sullivan, S. G. B., Sliwka, M., Drake, E. D., & Perez, T. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1984309
Metadata
- Authors
- Liang, X., Zou, Q., He, Y., & Yang, Y.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liang, Xia
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-01-16
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1501-1511
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4785946
- OpenAlex
- W1968592137
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 16.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81201142, 81225012, 31221003, 81030028)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (81225012)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- default mode network, frontoparietal network, salience network, working memory, cognitive load, functional connectivity, network topology, posterior cingulate cortex, superior parietal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neural Pathways, Young Adult, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
