The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand
Open accessAbstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is set to influence every aspect of our lives, not least the way production is organised. AI, as a technology platform, can automate tasks previously performed by labour or create new tasks and activities in which humans can be productively employed. Recent technological change has been biased towards automation, with insufficient focus on creating new tasks where labour can be productively employed. The consequences of this choice have been stagnating labour demand, declining labour share in national income, rising inequality and lowering productivity growth. The current tendency is to develop AI in the direction of further automation, but this might mean missing out on the promise of the ‘right’ kind of AI, with better economic and social outcomes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A study by Acemoglu, Autor, Hazell, and Restrepo (2020) concludes no significant effect yet in the last decade at the occupation or industry level in the US.”
From Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences (2024) · cites this paper as Acemoglu et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Kumar, D. A., Balasubramanian, S., Byeon, D. H., & Manerkar, P. G. V. (1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1577 · Cited by 22,191
Technological paradigms and technological trajectories
Dosi, G. (1982) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/0048-7333(82)90016-6 · Cited by 6,685
The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355303322552801 · Cited by 6,205
Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/705716 · Cited by 4,088
Self-citationWhy Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation
Autor, D. H. (2015) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 · Cited by 3,917
Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings
Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011) · Handbook of Labor Economics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7218(11)02410-5 · Cited by 3,799
The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information
Pasquale, F. (2015) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674736061 · Cited by 3,796
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20160696 · Cited by 3,121
Self-citationThe Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future
Stiglitz, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.7916/d8-96ed-6058 · Cited by 2,959
Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.33.2.3 · Cited by 2,612
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ayres, 1983, Robots: Applications and Social Implications
- Dauth, 2019, German Robots—The Impact of Industrial Robots on Workers
- Harari, 2018, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century
- Honey, 1986, The Manual of Learning Styles
- Lanier, 2018, Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 635
Minimum Wages in an Automated EconomyPreprint
Eckardt, M. S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3592484
Holland, S. (2021) · Symphonya Emerging Issues in Management · doi:10.4468/2021.1.03holland
Die Auswirkungen von KI auf die Arbeitsmärkte: Was wir bislang wissen
Lane, M., & Saint-Martin, A. (2021) · doi:10.1787/540444e1-de · Cited by 1
The Effect of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Firm Labor Structure
Xue, M., Cao, X., Feng, X., Gu, B., & Zhang, Y.-J. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.853
Platform Capitalism, Democratic Corrosion and the Consolidation of the Cybertariat in BrazilPreprint
Santana, C. H., & Ferrario, M. N. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3975901
Effect of Residential Broadband Internet Diffusion on Industry Composition: Evidence from JapanPreprint
Muroga, K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3934789
Bernard Maris and Institutional Economics: An Interlocution on Regional Transformation
Bracarense, N. (2022) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.2022.2061795
Online Content and Platform Liability
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0009 · Cited by 1
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0009
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0005
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0008
Disinformation in the Digital Age
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0014
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.005.0001
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Technology and the Covid-19 Pandemic
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0003
Introduction: Why You Should Read This Book
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0011
Facts about the European Digital Economy
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0002
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0010
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0004
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0007
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0007
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0010
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0004
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0012
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0011
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0003
Estimation and Analysis of Gender-Specific Labor Demand Functions in Iran
Amini, A., & Nikbin, B. (2022) · فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و بودجه · doi:10.52547/jpbud.26.4.35
Burkhard, M., Guggemos, J., & Seufert, S. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14756-2_1
Scenarios of technological progress in Italy: what can we expect?
Zotti, J., Socci, C., Severini, F., & Infantino, G. (2023) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2022.2152313
An Updated Overview of Non-Dairy Probiotic Beverages
Kilci, Z. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub95.c436
The Importance of the Thermal Properties of Biomass Components
Kizilca, M. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub95.c440
Değirmenci, Ü. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub95.c438
An Overview of Academic Studies on Land Congression in Turkey
Erdem, N. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub95.c442
Carbon nitride-based photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution: A review
Orak, C. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub95.c439
Arendt, Ł., Gajdos, A., & Kukulak‐Dolata, I. (2022) · Wroclaw University of Economics and Business eBooks · doi:10.15611/2022.15.2.07
Strategic Interactions with an Algorithm Assistant: The Power of Data and MechanismPreprint
Bai, L., Gui, Z., Wei, L., & Xue, L. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4441856
Enterprises: Creating Better Jobs for More People through Innovation
Begazo, T., Blimpo, M. P., & Dutz, M. A. (2023) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1737-3_ch2
Does Innovation Respond to Expected Profits?
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.005.0001
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.002.0004
Competition, Innovation, and Disruption
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.003.0006
Economically Valuable Innovation
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.003.0002
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.002.0003
Are Innovations Overlooked in Other Sectors?
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.005.0002
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.003.0005
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.003.0003
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.003.0001
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.003.0004
Rebitzer, J. B., & Rebitzer, R. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603109.002.0007
da Silva, D. A., Marques, J., & Tasinaffo, P. M. (2023) · IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje · doi:10.1109/rita.2023.3301510
The Effects and Mechanisms of the Digital Economy on Employment: A Review and Prospect
(2023) · Journal of Global Economy Business and Finance · doi:10.53469/jgebf.2023.05(08).22
Unpacking the Inverted U-shape between Regional AI and Business Performance
Lu, R., Zheng, F., Ma, S.-N., & Yang, R. (2023) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/13571516.2023.2271755 · Cited by 1
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0005
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0003
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.002.0007
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.002.0008
Digital automation technologies
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0004
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.002.0003
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0002
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0008
Industrial policy for the future
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0007
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.002.0004
Hauge, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198861584.003.0006
Search Benefits of General Resources: Recombination Premiums of AIPreprint
Hosseinioun, M., & Tafti, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4669795
He, X., junjie, R., caixing, B., & Sun, Y. W. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3736301/v1
Automation from the perspective of modern services sector in Poland
(2023) · Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series · doi:10.29119/1641-3466.2023.175.29
The Impacts of AI at Scale: Evidence from Research ScientistsPreprint
Yu, Z. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4711334 · Cited by 1
Essays on technology adoption and the labor market
Martins-Neto, A. (2024) · doi:10.26481/dis.20240318an
Reputational Algorithm Aversion *Preprint
Weitzner, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4736843 · Cited by 1
Jamal, S. M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4806202
Jamal, S. M. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202404.2014.v1
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ОСНОВИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ЯК ФАКТОРУ ЗАГОСТРЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМИ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ НЕРІВНОСТІ
Oliinyk, K. (2024) · Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University Economic sciences · doi:10.31891/2307-5740-2024-328-52
Chen, L. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-1901
PAVLYUKEVICH, E. D., & Садов, К. С. (2024) · Economic Analysis Theory and Practice · doi:10.24891/ea.23.7.1240
Economic Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Labor MarketsPreprint
DHAR, P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4940118
Economic Approaches on Migration and Inequality
Macaluso, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97417-6_19-1
A REORGANIZAÇÃO GLOBAL DA MICHELIN: O CASO DE MANAUS
dos Santos, I. A., de Oliveira, M. A., de Sousa, S. R. G., & da Silva, O. C. (2024) · Revista Contemporânea · doi:10.56083/rcv4n9-127
Kowar, S., Saha, M. K., Gazi, T. A., & Das, A. (2024) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4252-7.ch013
The Technology Disruptor Artificial Intelligence in Finance Domain
Kesavan, V., Polisetty, A., & Hassan, V. I. (2024) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7924-0.ch014
Unpacking the Outputs of Generative AI Platforms and Revealing Gender and Social Re-Presentations
Risi, E., Briziarelli, M., & Mohammad, Y. (2024) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7235-7.ch012 · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence, its Creative-Destruction Impact on Employment In Global Economy
Balkanlı, A. O. (2024) · Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.18070/erciyesiibd.1506044
Innovating Environmental Education: Building Interdisciplinary Talent through Virtual Classrooms
Xu, Y., Wang, D., Li, H., Zeng, H., Lam, S., & Sin, J. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v9i12.3121
Incentivizing The Content Creator When Tasks Can Be Delegated to Artificial IntelligencePreprint
Zhang, X., Dou, Y., & Wu, D. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5118060 · Cited by 1
Wen, F. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5134210
Conclusion and Implications for Future Research and Practice
Hughes, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85394-4_5
SenGupta, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5176353 · Cited by 1
Revisiting Martin Buber’s Believing Humanism: Preliminary Study on Buberian Art and Technology
Hernandez, C. J. D. (2025) · Scientia - The International Journal on the Liberal Arts · doi:10.57106/scientia.v14i1.199
Ramsawak, R. A., Maheshwari, G., Maghsoudi, M., Kermani, M. A. M. A., & Duy, T. B. (2025) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515251330576
Harnessing AI in Human Resource Management: A Systematic Analysis of Current Research and Practices
MOHAN, A. (2025) · International Journal of Novel Research and Development · doi:10.56975/ijnrd.v10i4.305832
Megatrends and regions: a case study of the English Midlands
Lyons, M., Green, A. E., & Hoole, C. (2025) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2025.2498110
National Ai Strategies and Economic CompetitivenessPreprint
Tran, C. Q. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5245334
The Effect of New Technology on Labour Demand: Acemoglu and BeyondPreprint
Aldred, J. S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5251518
Decent Work and Sustainable Economic Growth—A European Perspective
Cerejeira, J., & Sousa, S. (2025) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88777-2_8
Work pluralism and the impacts of artificial intelligence on work
Guppy, D. (2025) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00772-y
Qualitative Research on the Social and Economical Impact of Innovative Manufacturing Automation
Szeszák, B. M., Kerékjártó, I. G., Soltész, L., & Galambos, P. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI) · doi:10.1109/saci66288.2025.11030171
Metadata
- Authors
- Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P.
- Affiliations
- MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-12-18
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-35
- ISSN
- 1752-1378 (ISSN-L)
- 1752-1386
- OpenAlex
- W4230775373
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 16
- FWCI
- 43.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Smith Richardson Foundation
- Sid W. Richardson Foundation
- Accenture
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, labor demand, automation, technological change, labor share, income inequality, productivity growth, employment, task creation, future of work
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review