The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the Epidemiology of Cryptococcosis
Abstract
The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis are reviewed. Two varieties of C. neoformans have been recognized. C. neoformans variety neoformans has been found in nature worldwide, primarily in association with bird droppings, although nonavian sources have also been found. Most cases of human cryptococcosis are caused by this variety. C. neoformans var. gattii has recently been isolated in nature in association with Eucalyptus trees. Infections caused by this variety occur mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Because exposure to C. neoformans is probably common and clinically apparent cases of cryptococcosis in healthy hosts are rare, it is presumed that most people can mount adequate host defenses upon exposure to the organism. At least 5%-10% of patients with AIDS become infected with Cryptococcus; the epidemiology of this infection is different in many respects from that seen in patients without AIDS.
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Cites
Medical Mycology. The Pathogenic Fungi and Pathogenic Actinomycetes.
(1976) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-84-4-514_1 · Cited by 847
Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii
Ellis, D. H., & Pfeiffer, T. J. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990 · Cited by 560
Kwon-Chung, K. J., Polacheck, I., & Bennett, J. E. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.15.3.535-537.1982 · Cited by 536
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN A HETEROSEXUAL POPULATION IN ZAIRE
Piot, P., Taelman, H., Bila Minlangu, K., Mbendi, N., Ndangi, K., Kalambayi, K., Bridts, C., Quinn, T., Feinsod, F., Wobin, O., et al. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90241-1 · Cited by 493
EPIDEMIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO VARIETIES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS1
KWON-CHUNG, K. J., & BENNETT, J. E. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113861 · Cited by 474
Cryptococcal Meningitis in Patients with AIDS
Dismukes, W. E. (1988) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/157.4.624 · Cited by 389
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in African Patients
Clumeck, N., Sonnet, J., Taelman, H., Mascart-Lemone, F., De Bruyere, M., Vandeperre, P., Dasnoy, J., Marcelis, L., Lamy, M., Jonas, C., et al. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198402233100804 · Cited by 301
SAPROPHYTIC SOURCES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PIGEON (COLUMBA LIVIA)1
EMMONS, C. W. (1955) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119775 · Cited by 282
Ecology, life cycle, and infectious propagule of Cryptococcus neoformans
Ellis, D., & Pfeiffer, T. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92283-n · Cited by 271
The wide spectrum of cryptococcal infections
Lewis, J. L., & Rabinovich, S. (1972) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(72)90174-x · Cited by 257
Cited by
Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS--100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans
Mitchell, T. G., & Perfect, J. R. (1995) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.8.4.515 · Cited by 1,213
Genome variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an emerging pathogen of immunocompetent hosts
D’Souza, C. A., Kronstad, J. W., Taylor, G., Warren, R., Yuen, M., Hu, G., Jung, W. H., Sham, A., Kidd, S. E., Tangen, K., et al. (2011) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00342-10 · Cited by 202
Levitz, S. M., Harrison, T. S., Tabuni, A., & Liu, X. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119688 · Cited by 121
Self-citationWozniak, K. L., Ravi, S., Macias, S., Young, M. L., Olszewski, M. A., Steele, C., & Wormley, F. L. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006854 · Cited by 99
Coffey, M. J., Phare, S. M., George, S., Peters-Golden, M., & Kazanjian, P. H. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci2117 · Cited by 85
Metadata
- Authors
- Levitz, S. M.
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991-11-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1163-1169
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- OpenAlex
- W2313508921
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 55
- FWCI
- 13.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Levitz, S. M. (1991). The Ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the Epidemiology of Cryptococcosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.6.1163
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
