The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An empirical and conceptual review.
Abstract
Given the clinical importance of deliberate self-harm and the need for further research informing the treatment and prevention of this behavior, a review of the extant literature on the risk factors for and functions of self-harm is needed. In this article, I review empirical and theoretical literature on the following potential risk factors for self-harm: childhood sexual and physical abuse, neglect, childhood separation and loss, security of attachment to caregivers, and emotional reactivity and intensity. Literature on the emotion regulating function of self-harm behavior is also reviewed. Future research is needed on the interaction of individual and environmental risk factors in the development of self-harm, as well as on the experi-entially avoidant function of this behavior.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients
Linehan, M. M. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810360024003 · Cited by 2,203
Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory
Gratz, K. L. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1012779403943 · Cited by 1,166 · cited 1×
“However, given empirical evidence that self-harm occurs among nonclinical as well as clinical populations (see Gratz, 2001), this article will focus on self-harm in general (as opposed to self-harm among individuals with a diagnosis of BPD).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChildhood origins of self-destructive behavior
(1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665 · Cited by 865 · cited 4×
“One study that addressed this issue inferred quality of attachment from reports of neglect and separation (van der Kolk et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialOGAWA, J. R., SROUFE, L. A., WEINFIELD, N. S., CARLSON, E. A., & EGELAND, B. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001478 · Cited by 649
Melnick, S. M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005174102794 · Cited by 323
Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007598 · Cited by 284
The role of child maltreatment and attachment style in adolescent relationship violence
WEKERLE, C., & WOLFE, D. A. (1998) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579498001758 · Cited by 160
Cited by
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942
Self-citationThe functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence
Klonsky, E. D. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 · Cited by 1,979
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015616 · Cited by 1,292
Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents
LLOYD-RICHARDSON, E. E., PERRINE, N., DIERKER, L., & KELLEY, M. L. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170700027x · Cited by 928
Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.616 · Cited by 680
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 192-205
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- OpenAlex
- W2045757891
- Cited by
- 540
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 7.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An empirical and conceptual review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/clipsy.bpg022
- The paper
- Gratz, K. L. (2003). Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An empirical and conceptual review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg022
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
