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Cited by 16Hearing Impairment and CommunicationSocial Representations and IdentityHearing Loss and Rehabilitation

Signed soliloquy: visible private speech

Open access
Zimmermann, K., Brugger, P.·2013·Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
DOI 10.1093/deafed/ens072
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Abstract

Talking to oneself can be silent (inner speech) or vocalized for others to hear (private speech, or soliloquy). We investigated these two types of self-communication in 28 deaf signers and 28 hearing adults. With a questionnaire specifically developed for this study, we established the visible analog of vocalized private speech in deaf signers. "Signed soliloquy" is employed regularly and valued as an integral part of everyday functioning. Deaf signers were also found to engage in inner speech, which appeared to have a mostly affirmative character. Together, the findings demonstrate a significantly more frequent use of both inner and private speech in the deaf sample. They underscore the benefits of self-talk in general and provide the first-ever description of an intriguing phenomenon in deaf signers' self-communication, that is, signed soliloquy.

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  • Conceptualizing inner speech as a functional system provides a neurocognitive model for understanding how the core language system can interact with other neural systems to flexibly augment processes such as social cognition, executive functioning, and autobiographical memory.

    “More generally, conceptualizing IS as a functional system provides a neurocognitive model for understanding how the core language system can interact with other neural systems to flexibly augment a range of processes such as social cognition, executive functioning, and autobiographical memory [94,126,127].”

    From Inner speech as language process and cognitive tool (2023) · cites this paper as [127]

    The Inner Speech section (pp. 1–2) describes inner speech as serving multiple functions, including considering different perspectives, planning, problem-solving, and guiding action. It does not present the claimed neurocognitive model of interactions between the core language system and other neural systems, or link inner speech to autobiographical memory. The Discussion (p. 9) mentions neural circuits for imagined speech, but not that broader model. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • In a sample of 28 hearing and 28 deaf adults, deaf signers reported regular use of 'signed soliloquy'-overt signing for a private purpose-which occurred with a greater frequency than did private speech in hearing participants.

    “In a sample of 28 hearing and 28 deaf adults (of whom 20 were congenitally deaf), Zimmerman and Brugger reported regular use of “signed soliloquy”—overt signing for a private purpose—in deaf signers, which occurred with a greater frequency than did private speech in hearing participants.”

    From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Zimmermann and Brugger (2013)

  • Deaf participants reported greater use of positive/motivational 'inner speech' compared with hearing participants.

    “In addition, deaf participants reported greater use of positive/motivational “inner speech” compared with hearing participants, although the questionnaire used to measure this, the Inventory on Self-Communication for Adults, did not ask participants to distinguish whether this was a specifically verbal or signed experience.”

    From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Zimmermann and Brugger (2013)

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  2. Wertsch, J. V . (1979). The regulation of human action and the given-new organization of private speech. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of self-regulation through private speech (pp. 79-98). New York, NY: Wiley.
  3. World Medical Association. (1964). Human Experimentation: Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Canadian Medical Association Journal, 91 (11), 619. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1927433/

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Authors
Zimmermann, K., & Brugger, P.
Affiliations
  • University Hospital Zurich (CH)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
Brugger, P.
ORCID
Brugger, P.
Venue
Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2013-01-16
Volume
18
Issue
2
Pages
261-270
ISSN
  • 1081-4159 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-7325
DOI
10.1093/deafed/ens072
OpenAlex
W2102265205
Cited by
16
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
FWCI
1.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Keywords
private speech, inner speech, self-communication, self-talk, deaf signers, sign language
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Communication, Female, Hearing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sign Language, Verbal Behavior, Persons with Hearing Disabilities, Young Adult

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