Materials-induced variation in the torque expression of preadjusted appliances
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to comprehensively investigate the sources of variation in the expression of torque in preadjusted appliances. Variables related to properties of materials were systematically analyzed, including (1) the inability to fill the slot because of the size difference of archwires and bracket slot, (2) irregularities from the manufacturing process of brackets precluding proper engagement, (3) differences in the stiffness of wire alloys engaged to the bracket slot, (4) variations between actual and reported bracket torque values, and (5) ligation modes, all of which might account for increased third-order clearance or bracket-archwire "play." The effect of these variations on the expression of torque is discussed, and the net buccolingual inclinations are provided as a function of wire size and composition for common bracket slot-archwire combinations. Most reports published on this issue indicate a loss of torque control as high as 100% of the prescribed value. Furthermore, the fallacy of transferring the ideal crown inclination to the torque prescribed in the bracket is illustrated, along with the underestimation of the prescribed torque relative to the proper tooth crown. The realistically required torque is analyzed to its constituent components, involving tooth inclination, compensation for the slot-wire play, and incomplete ligation with elastomeric ligatures. Based on the evidence available, it is proposed that a high-torque prescription should be selected to account for the lack of full expression of the prescribed torque that occurs clinically.
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Biomechanical differences in applied force magnitude, torque expression, and frictional resistance have been reported between elastomeric and steel ligatures.
“Biomechanically, differences in applied force magnitude, torque expression, and frictional resistance have been reported between elastomeric and steel ligatures [60–62].”
From Influence of elastomeric and steel ligatures on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
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Mathew, A., Kumar, H. K., & Shetty, S. (2020) · The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society · doi:10.1177/0301574220937458 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lingual orthodontics: Understanding the issues is the key to success with lingual mechanics
Riolo, C. S., Finkleman, S. A., & Kaltschmidt, C. (2018) · Seminars in Orthodontics · doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2018.08.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Guo, L., Feng, Y., Hua, J., Dai, Q., Chen, Z., Song, W., Guo, B., Chen, T., & Ji, L. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-05423-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Garrett, A., Alghilan, M. A., Ash, S., Awawdeh, M. A., & Singh, P. (2023) · Tomography · doi:10.3390/tomography9040109 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Molar Buccal Tubes Front and Back Openings Dimensions and Torsional Play
Al-Zubaidi, H. J., & Alhuwaizi, A. F. (2018) · Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry · doi:10.26477/jbcd.v30i3.2529 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Albertini, E., Albertini, P., Colonna, A., & Lombardo, L. (2023) · International Orthodontics · doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100825 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Variations in slot size of self-ligating brackets
Ancona, M. A. L., Díaz, R. R., Rodríguez, F. M., & Olvera, S. P. (2015) · Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia · doi:10.1016/j.rmo.2016.03.058 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gupta, R., Shivaprakash, G., Manohar, M. R., & Sonali, S. (2018) · The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2206 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rossi, O., Perrotti, G., FABBRO, M. D., & Testori, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082346 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Are self-ligating brackets’ slots dimensions accurate?
Attia, K. H., Elkordy, S. A., ElKoussy, M., & Abouelezz, A. M. (2018) · International Orthodontics · doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2018.09.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Impact of different rectangular wires on torsional expression of different sizes of buccal tube
Ajami, S., & Boroujeni, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry · doi:10.4317/jced.54300 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Torque value accuracy of preadjusted metal brackets for upper and lower incisors
Pereira, D. V., Cavalcante, R. T., da Silva, L. H., Maeda, F. A., Torres, F. C., & Carvalho, P. E. G. (2019) · Minerva Dental and Oral Science · doi:10.23736/s0026-4970.18.04148-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kumar, A. A., Sekar, S., Kumar, S. S., Divakar, G., Vijayarangam, K., & Arulselvi, S. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_712_21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Little, R. A., & Spary, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1080/14653125.2017.1371965 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mechanical properties and clinical significance of orthodontic wires
Sawas, M. A., Nassir, M. A. A., Nayas, L. M., Alabdulkarim, M., Faden, F. Y., Alghamlas, A. S., Alqahtani, H. M., Alaboodi, R. A., Felemban, N. S., Saeed, E. S. A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220047 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluation and comparison of bracket slot dimensions in lingual bracket systems: An in vitro study
Kabbur, K. J., Hemanth, M., Costa, N., Khalidi, F., & Jayaprasad, D. (2019) · Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists · doi:10.1016/j.ejwf.2019.04.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Namdar, P., Bardideh, E., Alizadeh, F. L., Jahanbin, A., & Eslami, N. (2020) · Orthodontic Waves · doi:10.1080/13440241.2020.1777798 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Gioka, C., & Eliades, T.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Marquette University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eliades, Theodore
- ORCID
- Eliades, Theodore
- Venue
- American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-328
- ISSN
- 0889-5406 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067027210
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Dental Trauma and Treatments
- Keywords
- bracket torque, elastomeric ligatures, orthodontic archwires
- MeSH terms
- Dental Alloys, Dental Materials, Elasticity, Humans, Orthodontic Appliances, Orthodontic Wires, Surface Properties, Tooth Movement Techniques, Orthodontic Appliance Design, Orthodontic Brackets, Tooth Crown, Torque, Elastomers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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