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Current state of scientific evidence on Internet-based interventions for the treatment of depression, anxiety, eating disorders and substance abuse: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: ICare represents a consortium of European Investigators examining the effects of online mental health care for a variety of common mental health disorders provided in a variety of settings. This article provides an overview of the evidence of effectiveness for Internet-based treatment for four common mental health disorders that are the focus of much of this work: depression, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders. METHODS: The overview focused primarily on systematic reviews and meta-analyses identified through PubMed (Ovid) and other databases and published in English. Given the large number of reviews specific to depression, anxiety, substance abuse and/or eating disorders, we did not focus on reviews that examined the effects of Internet-based interventions on mental health disorders in general. Each article was reviewed and summarized by one of the senior authors, and this review was then reviewed by the other senior authors. We did not address issues of prevention, cost-effectiveness, implementation or dissemination, as these are addressed in other reviews in this supplement. RESULTS: Across Internet-based intervention studies addressing depression, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders primarily among adults, almost all reviews and meta-analyses found that these interventions successfully reduce symptoms and are efficacious treatments. Generally, effect sizes for Internet-based interventions treating eating disorders and substance abuse are lower compared with interventions for depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Given the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions to reduce symptoms of these common mental health disorders, efforts are needed to examine issues of how they can be best disseminated and implemented in a variety of health care and other settings.
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“In recent years, numerous meta-analyses have shown the effectiveness of IBIs in treating various mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse (Taylor et al., 2021).”
From TONI - One for all? Participatory development of a transtheoretic and transdiagnostic online intervention for blended care (2024) · cites this paper as Taylor et al., 2021
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“Similar Internet-based self-guided interventions to reduce depressive and anxious symptomatology have shown promising results (Taylor et al., 2021; Kurniawan et al., 2022).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as Taylor et al., 2021
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“In this meta-analysis, we opted for a random effects model to pool effect sizes as we anticipated considerable between-study heterogeneity among the included studies based on previous work (Moshe et al., 2021; Taylor et al., 2021).”
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“In recent years, numerous meta-analyses have shown the effectiveness of IBIs in treating various mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse (Taylor et al., 2021).”
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“Internet addiction causes problems such as eating disorders (3), low self-esteem (4), depression (5), and anxiety (6).”
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Gamification of an Automated Internet Intervention to Enhance Engagement and Adherence
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“Overall, virtual delivery of various behavioral health programs has proven effective during and since the COVID-19 pandemic, with most studies showing similar effect sizes to in person treatment in areas of mental health and substance abuse (e.g., Chan et al., 2022; Taylor et al., 2021).”
Sanal Dünyada Gerçek Tutsaklık: Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Üzerine Bir Derleme
MUTLU, Ş. (2025) · Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.60107/maunef.1707352 · Cited by 2
How Engagement Changes Over Time in a Digital Eating Disorder App: Observational Study
Flatt, R. E., Thornton, L. M., Tregarthen, J., Argue, S., & Bulik, C. M. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/68824 · Cited by 2
“Digital ED interventions address these obstacles by offering evidence-based and in-the-moment treatment options that are affordable and accessible [4-7].”
Self-citationNagvanshi, S., Akhtar, M. J., Kumar, V., & Singh, T. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-314-420251020 · Cited by 3
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Köktaş, N. Ç., & Yiğitoğlu, G. T. (2023) · Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38108/ouhcd.1183589 · Cited by 2
Loades, M., Cliffe, B., & Perry, G. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231212523 · Cited by 2
Validación de la Versión Corta de la Escala de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-18) en Población Mexicana
Bustinzar, A. R. P., Valdez-Aguilar, M., & Meléndez, J. A. B. (2024) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep71.1.12 · Cited by 2
Commentary: The psychological and social impact of COVID-19: New perspectives of well-being
Flores-Plata, L. A., la Rosa-Gómez, A. D., Díaz-Sosa, D. M., Valencia, P. D., & Hernández-Posadas, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.953147 · Cited by 2
Behr, S., Fenski, F., Böttcher, J., Knaevelsrud, C., Hammelrath, L., Kovacs, G., Schirmer, W., Becker, P., & Schaeuffele, C. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8xu5z · Cited by 2
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Serrat, M., Royuela-Colomer, E., Auer, W., Ferrés, S., Almirall, M., Neblett, R., Nijs, J., Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Borràs, X., Luciano, J. V., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105514 · Cited by 1
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“IMIs can be offered as stand-alone or guided programs or used in a blended setting with additional face-to-face psycho-therapy sessions to meet the individual needs of users [36].”
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“A growing body of research supports digital interventions for addressing a range of psychological symptoms (Edge et al., 2023; Taylor et al., 2021), and several have been developed specifically for SPD.”
Barber, K. E., Cram, I. F., Smith, E. C., Woods, D. W., & Lee, H. J. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.02.020 · Cited by 1
Online Training in Telepsychology: A Pre-Experimental Single Group Study in Mexico
Flores-Plata, L. A., de la Rosa-Gómez, A., Díaz-Sosa, D., Esquivel-Santoveña, E., Torrija, C. S. T., García-Flores, R., Ruaro, A. L., Berra-Ruiz, E., Silvestre-Ramírez, R., Flores-Elvira, A. I., et al. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00589-w
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Digitale Psychotherapieansätze zur Behandlung der Binge-Eating-Störung
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“(37) provides a broad summary of the evidence supporting the effectiveness of Internet interventions and describe lower effect sizes for EDs and substance abuse compared to depression and anxiety.”
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Can you build resilience online?
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Online Consumer Tools and Support
Kuhn, E. R., Reger, G. M., & Gratzer, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_149-1
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Intervención multidisciplinar en un varón con trastorno por atracón: Estudio de un caso
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Online Consumer Tools and Support
Kuhn, E. R., Reger, G. M., & Gratzer, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_149
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, C. B., Graham, A. K., Flatt, R. E., Waldherr, K., & Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E.
- Affiliations
- Palo Alto University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Fachhochschule Wiener Neustadt (AT)
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, C Barr
- Venue
- European Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- i3-i10
- ISSN
- 1101-1262 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-360X
- PMC
- PMC8266528
- OpenAlex
- W3085610539
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH100455, R01 MH115128, K01 DK116925)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- online intervention, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, treatment efficacy, symptom relief, effect size, common mental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Internet-Based Intervention, Adult, Anxiety, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Depression, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders
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