A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based application for the treatment of anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is prevalent among college students. Smartphone-based interventions may be a low-cost treatment method. Method: College students with self-reported GAD were randomized to receive smartphone-based guided self-help (n = 50), or no treatment (n = 50). Post-treatment and six-month follow-up outcomes included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-Short Form Stress Subscale (DASS Stress), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-11), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait (STAI-T), as well as diagnostic status assessed by the GAD-Questionnaire, 4th edition. Results: From pre- to post-treatment, participants who received guided self-help (vs. no treatment) experienced significantly greater reductions on the DASS Stress (d = −0.408) and a greater probability of remission from GAD (d = −0.445). There was no significant between-group difference in change on the PSWQ-11 (d = −0.208) or STAI-T (d = −0.114). From post to six-month follow-up there was no significant loss of gains on DASS Stress scores (d = −0.141) and of those who had remitted, 78.6% remained remitted. Yet rates of remitted participants no longer differed significantly between conditions at follow-up (d = −0.229). Conclusion: Smartphone-based interventions may be efficacious in treating some aspects of GAD. Methods for improving symptom reduction and long-term outcome are discussed.
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In that study, gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up, but there were no longer differences between conditions in rates of remission (d=-0.23).
“Gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up; however, there were no longer differences between the two conditions in the rates of remission (d = −0.23).”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
Smartphone-based brief self-help apps with 40 10-minute sessions and coach contact led to greater reductions in stress and greater probability of remission from generalized anxiety disorder at posttreatment relative to no treatment in US college students with generalized anxiety disorder (d -0.45 to -0.40).
“Smartphone-based brief self-help apps consisting of 40 10-minute sessions and contact with trained coaches led to greater reductions in stress and a greater probability of remission from GAD at posttreatment relative to a no treatment condition in college students with GAD in the United States (Cohen’s d ranging between −0.45 to −0.40) [106].”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
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Newman, M. G., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Baik, S. Y., Zainal, N. H., Calderon, A., Rackoff, G. N., Firebaugh, M., Rojas-Ashe, E. E., Leykin, Y., Lew, D., et al. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02454-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Self-citationAdvanced technologies in rehabilitation programs: Role of AI in diagnosis-an updated review
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An Intelligent Multimodal Framework for Psychological Health Assessment and Self-Care
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- Authors
- Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Rackoff, G. N., Bell, M. J., & Taylor, C. B.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Headspace, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
- Palo Alto University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newman, Michelle G.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-07-14
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443-454
- ISSN
- 1050-3307 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4381
- PMC
- PMC7855205
- OpenAlex
- W3042533858
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychotherapy Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH115128-01A1)
- Stanford University School of Medicine’s Behavioral Medicine Lab (Gift funds)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, smartphone-based intervention, guided self-help, university students, stress, worry, anxiety remission, long-term treatment outcomes, digital mental health
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Self Report
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