Cited by 264Aging and Gerontology ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesAging, Health, and Disability

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Effects of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges with Various Sources on Depressive Symptoms in Younger and Older Adults

Okun, M. A., Keith, V. M.·1998·The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

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Abstract

Addressing a previous gap in the gerontological literature, the present study examined the effects of both positive and negative social exchanges within key relationships (spouse, children, and other relatives/friends) on the depressive symptoms of younger (28 to 59 years old) and older (60 to 92 years old) men and women. Separate analyses were carried out on younger adults (N = 452) and older adults (N = 849) who were respondents in the Americans' Changing Lives study. In both age groups, positive and negative social exchanges with the same source were significantly (p < .001), inversely related (rs range from -.23 to -.43); and positive social exchanges exerted stronger net effects on depressive symptoms than negative social exchanges. For older adults, some buffering effects were found when negative and positive social exchanges were associated with different sources; for younger adults, buffering effects were found when negative and positive social exchanges were associated with the same source. These buffering effects were not conditioned by gender. The findings of the present study highlight the importance of taking into account the age of the recipient and the provider-recipient relationship when studying the joint influence of negative and positive social exchanges on adults' depressive symptoms.

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Authors: Okun, M. A., & Keith, V. M.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Corresponding author: Okun, M. A.
ORCID: Keith, V. M.
Venue: The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1998-01-01
Volume: 53B
Issue: 1
Pages: P4-P20
ISSN: 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
1758-5368
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/53b.1.p4
OpenAlex: W2169037888
Cited by: 264
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 14.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Keywords: depressive symptoms, social exchange theory, buffering effect, age differences, older adults, young adults, marital relationships, parent-child relationship, family and friends, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors

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Effects of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges with Various Sources on Depressive Symptoms in Younger and Older Adults

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