The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Health Implications of Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren in China
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Caring for grandchildren is a common and normative experience for many Chinese grandparents. This study investigates the influence of child care provision on older adults' health trajectories in China. METHOD: Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006), we apply growth curve models to examine the effect of living arrangements and intensity of caregiving for grandchildren on older adults' health trajectories. We use propensity score weighting to take into account potential selection bias. RESULTS: Grandparents living in skipped-generation households do not suffer from a deficit in self-reported health, particularly when they have higher family income. Those living in three-generation households experience a slightly more rapid health decline than older adults who live independently, although the paternal grandparents in this type of household have a significant health advantage over the maternal grandparents. Among the coresiding grandparents, high intensity care for younger grandchildren accelerates health declines, whereas a lighter level of care has a protective effect. In addition, rural grandparents and grandfathers engaging in high intensity care have worse self-reported health on average. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that grandchild care does not have a universally beneficial or detrimental effect on health, but rather its effect depends on the form and level of caregiving and is further shaped by individual characteristics, as well as normative and structural contexts.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study asks whether caring for grandchildren helps or harms older adults’ health in China, using longitudinal data from 1991 to 2006. It finds that the health effect is not uniform: it depends on living arrangement, caregiving intensity, gender, rural/urban residence, and family income.
Key findings
- Skipped-generation grandparents did not show a self-reported health deficit, and higher family income appeared to buffer them; the interaction between skipped-generation living and high income was 0.14.
- Three-generation coresidence was linked to a slightly faster health decline, but paternal grandparents had better average health and slower decline than maternal grandparents in that arrangement.
- Among coresiding grandparents, high-intensity care for young grandchildren accelerated health decline, while light care had a protective association; high-intensity care was defined as 15 or more hours per week.
- Grandfathers and rural grandparents providing high-intensity care had worse self-reported health on average; the negative intensive-care coefficient of 0.09 was offset for urban grandparents by an interaction of −0.11. Grandfathers averaged 7 caregiving hours per week versus 21 for grandmothers.
Methods
- Data came from six China Health and Nutrition Survey waves (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006), selecting adults aged 55 and older and yielding 14,954 person-year records.
- The main analysis used growth curve models within a hierarchical linear modeling framework to estimate within-person and between-person health trajectories, with self-rated health reverse-coded so higher values meant better health.
- Grandparenting was measured first by living arrangement (noncoresidence, skipped-generation, three-generation, paternal/maternal) and then by caregiving intensity among coresiding grandparents with grandchildren aged 0–6 (high, low, no care). Propensity score weighting was used to address selection into coresidence and caregiving.
Limitations
- The paper states that child care measurement was limited to very young grandchildren, that only coresiding grandparents were examined, and that noncoresiding caregivers and care for nonfamily members were not studied.
- It also states that self-reported health was the only consistently available health measure across waves, that ADL results were less robust, and that endogeneity and selectivity are difficult to resolve fully despite propensity score weighting and lagged measures.
- The text makes evident that the CHNS sample is not nationally representative, although the authors note prior work suggesting its household and individual characteristics reflect national averages.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
25 Own result · 19 Own method · 18 Own interpretation · 8 Not checked yet · 8 No basis given · 6 Sources not found · 6 No full text of the sources · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“One of the major limitations of prior studies on the effect of caregiving on grandparents' health is the use of cross-sectional health indicators (Fuller-Thomson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997;Goodman & Silverstein, 2002;Pruchno & McKenney, 2002;Sands & Goldberg-Glen, 2000;Szinovacz & Davey, 2006) or health change between two time points at best (Bachman & Chase-Lansdale, 2005;Blustein et al., 2004;Hug”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fuller-Thomson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997 source
The Discussion describes earlier studies linking grandparent caregiving with depression and changes in self-rated health as cross-sectional, and calls for panel studies to follow them up. Fuller-Thomson et al. are cited for the cross-sectional part of the sentence; the separate claim about change between two time points is attributed to other sources. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goodman & Silverstein, 2002 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pruchno & McKenney, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, rural grandparents and grandfathers engaging in high intensity care have worse self-reported health on average.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those who are heavily involved with child care are more likely to have a lower mean level of health than those who do not care for grandchildren.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those living in three-generation households experience a slightly more rapid health decline than older adults who live independently, although the paternal grandparents in this type of household have a significant health advantage over the maternal grandparents.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those living in three-generation households experience a slightly more rapid health decline than older adults who live independently, although the paternal grandparents in this type of household have a significant health advantage over the maternal grandparents.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the coresiding grandparents, high intensity care for younger grandchildren accelerates health declines, whereas a lighter level of care has a protective effect.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the coresiding grandparents, high intensity care for younger grandchildren accelerates health declines, whereas a lighter level of care has a protective effect.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, those who are involved with a light load of child care have a less accelerated path of health decline.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive interaction effect between skipped-generation household and high income (0.14) results suggest that additional economic resources do provide a buffer effect for those grandparents living with grandchildren without the presence of adult children.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, grandfathers who are involved in intensive child care have worse health on average than the grandmothers who are engaged in the same level of care (see Figure 3).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A previous study using the SRH measure from the CHNS also demonstrated that it well captures the health trajectory of individuals over the life course (Chen, Yang, & Liu, 2010).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen, Yang, & Liu, 2010 source
The Data section identifies CHNS self-rated health as the study’s main outcome and says the findings were cross-validated using alternative health measures. The Results section reports a clear age trajectory in that outcome, including declining self-rated health with age. This supports the claim that the measure captures life-course health trajectories, though the paper acknowledges that self-ratings are subjective. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, a recent comprehensive study using a longitudinal and nationally representative data set in the United States (the Health and Retirement Study) finds that caring for grandchildren has no dramatic and widespread negative effects on a range of health and health behavior indicators when controlling for grandparents' characteristic and prior health rather than the consequences of caregiving (H”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hughes et al., 2007 source
The Results state that the study found no evidence of dramatic and widespread negative effects on grandparents’ health and health behavior. The Discussion says that controlling for grandparents’ characteristics and prior health attenuated apparent differences, while noting limited adverse effects for some grandmothers in skipped-generation households. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of models using the weight versus not shows that the magnitude of the grandparenting variables (e.g., high intensity of care) is slightly larger than those without the adjustment, suggesting potential positive selection effects (i.e., healthier grandparents may be more likely to care for grandchildren) were captured by using propensity score weighting (results available upon request).”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heavy involvement in child care does not have a universally adverse effect on health; instead, caregiving has varied effects by gender and urban/rural residence.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results across the models consistently show that both coresidence and family lineage matter, although the effects are different for the intercept and linear growth rate model.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analytical results shown in Table 3 suggest that care intensity affects grandparents' health trajectories, however, as hypothesized, the effect is not linear and differs in its effect on the mean level and the rate of health decline (see Model 1 in Table 3 and predicted health trajectories in Figure 2)”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They clearly support our hypothesis that the effect of grandparents' caregiving is not only conditioned by the level of intensity but also shaped by the characteristics of the caregiver and the context of caregiving.”
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our subsequent finding shows that whereas heavy involvement in child care accelerates health decline, grandparents with a light child care load enjoy a better health level on average.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paternal grandparents living with their sons' families evidently enjoy a higher mean level of self-reported health and less rapid health decline than coresiding maternal grandparents, suggesting the benefit of a culturally preferred living arrangement.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Figure 4 shows, urban grandparents who are providing intensive care do not suffer from a clear health disadvantage, whereas it is obvious that rural grandparents engaged in high intensity care have worse health compared with all other groups of grandparents.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in some additional analyses of the interaction between work status and caregiving intensity, we find that even a low level of child care involvement has a negative effect on health level when one is combining work and care, suggesting the risk of double burden or role conflict (results observed in a subsample of married grandparents, not shown).”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall working sample also excludes missing values (less than 6%) on any variable included in the analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not include the interaction term between age-squared and grandparenting variables because they were not significant.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We use this measure of self-reported health (SRH) as our main dependent variable, as it has been consistently documented to be a valid measure of health and a robust predictor of mortality and survival (Farmer & Ferraro, 1997;Hays, Schoenfeld, & Blazer, 1996;Idler & Angel, 1990;Idler & Benyamini, 1997;Johnson & Wolinsky, 1993).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Farmer & Ferraro, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hays, Schoenfeld, & Blazer, 1996 source
- Not matchedcites Idler & Angel, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, in China, it is common for grandparents to live with children and grandchildren and to provide care for their grandchildren on a regular basis (Chen, Short, & Entwisle, 2000;Hermalin, Roan, & Perez, 1998;Olson, 1990;Unger, 1993).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chen, Short, & Entwisle, 2000 source
- Not matchedcites Hermalin, Roan, & Perez, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Olson, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result of a strictly enforced household registration system, urban residents are more likely to have a higher living standard, to receive retirement income, and to have better access to health insurance programs and health care facilities than rural residents (F.Wang & Mason, 2007;Zimmer & Kwong, 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites F.Wang & Mason, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zimmer & Kwong, 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This supports our hypothesis that the lighter care involvement may indeed provide a beneficial effect on health, whereas intense grandchild care may be physically and psychologically draining.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then add a quadratic term due to its better empirical fit and a theoretical expectation of a nonlinear pattern of health decline.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We use propensity score weighting to take into account potential selection bias.”
- Also stated in: § Research Hypotheses and Design · plain
“Thus, in the analysis, we use propensity score weighting method to control for such selectivity.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Guo & Fraser, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Coresidence with grandchildren and intensive child care provision are selective in nature, as compared with occasional babysitting.
- Also stated in: § Research Hypotheses and Design · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because all the three-way interaction terms were not significant, they were dropped from the analyses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the CHNS data are not a representative sample of China, previous studies using the CHNS data have suggested that the characteristics of the households and individuals well reflected the national averages (e.g., see Du, Lu, Zhai, & Popkin, 2002;Entwisle & Chen, 2002;Short, Ma, & Yu, 2000).”
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because individuals remaining in the sample are likely to be healthier, we will address this potential selection bias in the method section.”
hedgedn = 753- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The context of China is different in that grandparents' caregiving is normative and common.Thus, the process of negative selection is much less of a concern.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study in China found that older adults living in three-generation households or with grandchildren in skipped-generation households have better psychological well-being than those in single-generation households (Silverstein, Cong, & Li, 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Silverstein, Cong, & Li, 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In exchange, remittances sent back to the grandparents by the adult children could help improve overall family well-being and strengthen the intergenerational tie.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that self-reported health is an ordinal variable, we estimated Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) with ordinal logit link using SAS PROC GLIMMIX in our preliminary analysis but did not present these results because the fixed and random effect coefficients and variance estimates are qualitatively similar from these two sets of analyses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the United States, grandparents often do not”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, with an estimated 144.4 million temporary migrants (the so-called”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Bureau of Statistics in China, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We modeled the quadratic rate of b 2i but did not present it due to insignificant results.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frequent contact with grandchildren has been found to be associated with high levels of life satisfaction (Forsyth, 1994;Forsyth et al., 1992;Goodman & Silverstein, 2001;Kivnick, 1981;Peterson, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Forsyth, 1994
- Not matchedcites Forsyth et al., 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goodman & Silverstein, 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although it could be potentially burdensome for grandparents, remittances from their adult children often help to compensate for the effort and to strengthen the intergenerational bond (Cong & Silverstein, 2008).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cong & Silverstein, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among them, 753 individuals died by the end of 2006.”
plainn = 753- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the potential of positive selection cannot be ruled out, in that they could be healthier to begin with.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, their worsened health condition could be due to a combination of the lack of support from grandmothers, the stress associated with widowhood, and perhaps equally important traditional gender role expectations.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Chinese culture, child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.
- Rests on an assumption: Grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when grandmothers are present.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“On the other hand, scholars and policy makers have long been concerned about undermining traditional family values and weakened filial practices in rural China during the collectivization of agriculture in the 1950s and a further erosion of parental authority and power shift to the better educated and more resourceful young generation since the economic reforms beginning in the late 1970s (Davis &”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davis & Harrell, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Parish & Whyte, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites D. Wang, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Indeed, noncoresiding family members are increasingly likely to be involved in each others' lives (Whyte, 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Whyte, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our analysis, we address this issue by using propensity score weighting in our growth curve analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the issue of endogeneity and selectivity are not easily addressed.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“On the other hand, our findings are in line with the role strain theory, in which intensive caregiving can be physically taxing and takes away resources from aging adults, leading to more rapid health decline (Jendrek, 1993;M. Minkler, 1999).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when the grandmothers are present, the lack of normative support could make daily caregiving more difficult and stressful.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Chinese culture, child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.
- Rests on an assumption: Grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when grandmothers are present.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, we use self-reported health because it is the only measure of health that is consistently available across all waves of the data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking care of grandchildren could be even more emotionally rewarding when it is altruistically motivated and not compelled by economic necessity.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Grandparents who do not live with grandchildren could also play a significant role in taking care of their grandchildren.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although caring for school-aged children may not be as physically draining, grandparents' interaction with grandchildren may take on other forms and could have health implications as well.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An earlier study by the research team suggests that grandfathers' involvement was much lower than that of the grandmothers and that their heavy involvement is often preceded by the unavailability of grandmothers (Chen et al., forthcoming).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chen et al., forthcoming
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, our examination of care is limited to coresiding grandparents.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although the household is a crucial context for social support, relations among its members can create tensions and conflicts and thus be harmful to health, particularly in a cultural context that emphasizes harmony (Lai, 1995;Rook, 1984).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, although some grandparents provide care to coresiding grandchildren, other grandparents may require care themselves.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We treat health as an outcome in the analysis, but living arrangements and caregiving could be endogenous to health.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The added burden of intensive care for grandchildren could further exacerbate the vulnerable situation of the rural older adults coupled with a lack of institutional recognition and support.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: There are wide discrepancies in socioeconomic and health care resources between urban and rural residents, with rural grandparents disadvantaged in health capitals.
- Rests on an assumption: Rural grandparents lack pension programs and are more likely to be dependent on their children.
- Rests on an assumption: The cultural imperative of filial piety and the expectation of adult children providing support for parents are stronger for rural than urban older adults.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we do not examine the care of grandparents for nonfamily members due to data limitation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that the influence of heavy involvement with child care on health differs for urban and rural grandparents provides another piece of evidence that the consequence of grandchild care is not universal and contingent on the context and circumstances of the care.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the analysis of the influence of living arrangements provides us with an initial understanding of the structural context of caregiving, as coresidence facilitates easy access of grandparents to grandchildren.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Caring for grandchildren could be considered a reciprocal form of intergenerational exchange that ensures old age support in later life (Cong & Silverstein, 2008;Croll, 2006).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, our study helps to identify grandparent caregivers who are at greater risks and grandfathers and rural grandparents engaged in intensive care.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Previous research suggests that grandparents' caregiving for grandchildren could inject a sense of meaning and purpose in life, induce a more active lifestyle, and facilitate family bonding (Pruchno & McKenney, 2002;Silverstein et al., 2006;Waldrop & Weber, 2001).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Coresidence with grandchildren and intensive child care provision are selective in nature, as compared with occasional babysitting.
“Coresidence with grandchildren and intensive child care provision are most likely to be selective in nature (as compared with occasional babysitting).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The measures of potential needs for child care by adult children are important predictors of grandparents' engagement in child care and do not have direct effects on grandparents' health.
“The last two measures are particularly important because we consider them important predictors of whether grandparents are engaged in child care or not, while at the same time, the measures should not have direct effects on grandparents' health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In rural China, parents can be particularly dependent on their children for financial security in old age.
“In rural China, parents can be particularly dependent on their children for financial security in old age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Health change usually does not take place suddenly but is likely a gradual, interactive, and cumulative process.
“Nonetheless, health change usually does not take place suddenly but is likely a gradual, interactive, and cumulative process.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coresidence with children and grandchildren does not happen at random.
“In addition, coresidence with children and grandchildren does not happen at random.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The residuals and random effects in the growth curve models are normally distributed.
“with eti assumed to be independently and normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a constant variance of s 2 , and with both u 0i and u 2i assumed to have multivariate normal distribution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Chinese culture, child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.
“In Chinese culture (as in many other cultures), child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are wide discrepancies in socioeconomic and health care resources between urban and rural residents, with rural grandparents disadvantaged in health capitals.
“With wide discrepancies in socioeconomic and health care resources between urban and rural residents, rural grandparents are clearly at a disadvantage with regard to health capitals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rural grandparents lack pension programs and are more likely to be dependent on their children.
“With an absence of pension programs, they are much more likely to be dependent on their children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Urban grandparents are more financially independent and have more resources, such as a larger social network and easier access to transportation.
“In comparison, urban grandparents are much more financially independent and have more resources at their disposal (e.g., larger social network and easier access to transportation).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cultural imperative of filial piety and the expectation of adult children providing support for parents are stronger for rural than urban older adults.
“On the one hand, the cultural imperative of filial piety, the need, and the expectation of adult children providing support for parents are stronger for rural than urban older adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Strong intergenerational bonds define Chinese tradition, and caring for grandchildren is often not perceived as a privilege or burden but a normative way of life for many grandparents.
“In a context where strong intergenerational bonds define its tradition, caring for grandchildren is often not perceived as a privilege or burden but a normative way of life for many grandparents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Grandchild care is not an isolated event but an essential part of a dynamic system of family exchange.
“It is not an isolated event but an essential part of a dynamic system of family exchange.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when grandmothers are present.
“Given that grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when the grandmothers are present, the lack of normative support could make daily caregiving more difficult and stressful.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caregiving requires older adults to have basic functional ability.
“Because caregiving must require older adults to have basic functional ability, the less robust findings on ADL may not be surprising because the selection effect may be stronger.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Results
“The negative effect that is associated with intensive care (0.09) is wiped out for urban grandparents when adding the interaction term (-0.11) in the intercept model (Model 3 in Table 3).”
§ Key Variables
“We have reverse-coded selfrated health so that higher values indicate better health.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Key Variables
“We operationalize caregiving load as "high intensity" (i.e., 15 or more caregiving hours per week), "low intensity" (i.e., 1-14 caregiving hours per week), and "no-care" (reference group).”
§ Discussion and Conclusion
“High intensity (more than 15 hr per week)”
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
中華人民共和国国家統計局 (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,443
Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955359 · Cited by 8,598
The sociological study of stress
Pearlin, L. I. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136956 · Cited by 3,263
Goode, W. J. (1960) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092933 · Cited by 2,454
(2009) · Cited by 1,811
The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being.
Rook, K. S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.5.1097 · Cited by 1,645
The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being.
Rook, K. S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.1097 · Cited by 1,645
Beyond the Nuclear Family: The Increasing Importance of Multigenerational Bonds
Bengtson, V. L. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00001.x · Cited by 1,640
Social Integration, Social Networks, Social Support, and Health
Berkman, L. F., & Glass, T. (2000) · Social Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195083316.003.0007 · Cited by 1,513
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- 2005, 34, 475
- 1992, The Gerontologist, 37, 744
- 1992, 16, 51
- 1994, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY OF THE FAMILY, 24, 69
- 2001, JOURNAL OF FAMILY, 22, 557
- 1998, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53, 164
- 2002, HEALTH SERVICES AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, 2, 1387
- 1990, ADVANCES IN MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY, 1, 131
- 1981, 3, 365
- 1999, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, 376
- 2009, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64, 489
- 2003, CHINA REVIEW, 3, 95
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: What Have We Learned Over the Past Decade?
Hayslip, B., Fruhauf, C. A., & Dolbin‐MacNab, M. L. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx106 · Cited by 295
Gessa, G. D., Glaser, K., & Tinker, A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.041 · Cited by 230
Fingerman, K. L., Huo, M. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12604 · Cited by 217
Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on the Health of Grandparents in Taiwan
Ku, L. E., Stearns, S. C., Houtven, C. H. V., Lee, S.-Y. D., Dilworth‐Anderson, P., & Konrad, T. R. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt090 · Cited by 229
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, F., & Liu, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-07
- Volume
- 67B
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-112
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- PMC
- PMC3267025
- OpenAlex
- W2134956216
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 18.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
- Keywords
- grandparenting, grandchild care, older adults' health, health trajectories, skipped-generation households, three-generation family, living arrangements, care intensity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, China, Family, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Status
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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