The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Health Implications of Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren in China
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Caring for grandchildren is a common and normative experience for many Chinese grandparents. This study investigates the influence of child care provision on older adults' health trajectories in China. METHOD: Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006), we apply growth curve models to examine the effect of living arrangements and intensity of caregiving for grandchildren on older adults' health trajectories. We use propensity score weighting to take into account potential selection bias. RESULTS: Grandparents living in skipped-generation households do not suffer from a deficit in self-reported health, particularly when they have higher family income. Those living in three-generation households experience a slightly more rapid health decline than older adults who live independently, although the paternal grandparents in this type of household have a significant health advantage over the maternal grandparents. Among the coresiding grandparents, high intensity care for younger grandchildren accelerates health declines, whereas a lighter level of care has a protective effect. In addition, rural grandparents and grandfathers engaging in high intensity care have worse self-reported health on average. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that grandchild care does not have a universally beneficial or detrimental effect on health, but rather its effect depends on the form and level of caregiving and is further shaped by individual characteristics, as well as normative and structural contexts.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study asks whether caring for grandchildren helps or harms older adults’ health in China, using longitudinal data from 1991 to 2006. It finds that the health effect is not uniform: it depends on living arrangement, caregiving intensity, gender, rural/urban residence, and family income.
Key findings
- Skipped-generation grandparents did not show a self-reported health deficit, and higher family income appeared to buffer them; the interaction between skipped-generation living and high income was 0.14.
- Three-generation coresidence was linked to a slightly faster health decline, but paternal grandparents had better average health and slower decline than maternal grandparents in that arrangement.
- Among coresiding grandparents, high-intensity care for young grandchildren accelerated health decline, while light care had a protective association; high-intensity care was defined as 15 or more hours per week.
- Grandfathers and rural grandparents providing high-intensity care had worse self-reported health on average; the negative intensive-care coefficient of 0.09 was offset for urban grandparents by an interaction of −0.11. Grandfathers averaged 7 caregiving hours per week versus 21 for grandmothers.
Methods
- Data came from six China Health and Nutrition Survey waves (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006), selecting adults aged 55 and older and yielding 14,954 person-year records.
- The main analysis used growth curve models within a hierarchical linear modeling framework to estimate within-person and between-person health trajectories, with self-rated health reverse-coded so higher values meant better health.
- Grandparenting was measured first by living arrangement (noncoresidence, skipped-generation, three-generation, paternal/maternal) and then by caregiving intensity among coresiding grandparents with grandchildren aged 0–6 (high, low, no care). Propensity score weighting was used to address selection into coresidence and caregiving.
Limitations
- The paper states that child care measurement was limited to very young grandchildren, that only coresiding grandparents were examined, and that noncoresiding caregivers and care for nonfamily members were not studied.
- It also states that self-reported health was the only consistently available health measure across waves, that ADL results were less robust, and that endogeneity and selectivity are difficult to resolve fully despite propensity score weighting and lagged measures.
- The text makes evident that the CHNS sample is not nationally representative, although the authors note prior work suggesting its household and individual characteristics reflect national averages.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
25 Own result · 19 Own method · 18 Own interpretation · 8 Not checked yet · 8 No basis given · 6 Sources not found · 6 No full text of the sources · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“One of the major limitations of prior studies on the effect of caregiving on grandparents' health is the use of cross-sectional health indicators (Fuller-Thomson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997;Goodman & Silverstein, 2002;Pruchno & McKenney, 2002;Sands & Goldberg-Glen, 2000;Szinovacz & Davey, 2006) or health change between two time points at best (Bachman & Chase-Lansdale, 2005;Blustein et al., 2004;Hug”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fuller-Thomson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997 source
The Discussion describes earlier studies linking grandparent caregiving with depression and changes in self-rated health as cross-sectional, and calls for panel studies to follow them up. Fuller-Thomson et al. are cited for the cross-sectional part of the sentence; the separate claim about change between two time points is attributed to other sources. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goodman & Silverstein, 2002 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pruchno & McKenney, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, rural grandparents and grandfathers engaging in high intensity care have worse self-reported health on average.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those who are heavily involved with child care are more likely to have a lower mean level of health than those who do not care for grandchildren.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those living in three-generation households experience a slightly more rapid health decline than older adults who live independently, although the paternal grandparents in this type of household have a significant health advantage over the maternal grandparents.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those living in three-generation households experience a slightly more rapid health decline than older adults who live independently, although the paternal grandparents in this type of household have a significant health advantage over the maternal grandparents.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the coresiding grandparents, high intensity care for younger grandchildren accelerates health declines, whereas a lighter level of care has a protective effect.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the coresiding grandparents, high intensity care for younger grandchildren accelerates health declines, whereas a lighter level of care has a protective effect.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, those who are involved with a light load of child care have a less accelerated path of health decline.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive interaction effect between skipped-generation household and high income (0.14) results suggest that additional economic resources do provide a buffer effect for those grandparents living with grandchildren without the presence of adult children.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, grandfathers who are involved in intensive child care have worse health on average than the grandmothers who are engaged in the same level of care (see Figure 3).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A previous study using the SRH measure from the CHNS also demonstrated that it well captures the health trajectory of individuals over the life course (Chen, Yang, & Liu, 2010).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen, Yang, & Liu, 2010 source
The Data section identifies CHNS self-rated health as the study’s main outcome and says the findings were cross-validated using alternative health measures. The Results section reports a clear age trajectory in that outcome, including declining self-rated health with age. This supports the claim that the measure captures life-course health trajectories, though the paper acknowledges that self-ratings are subjective. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, a recent comprehensive study using a longitudinal and nationally representative data set in the United States (the Health and Retirement Study) finds that caring for grandchildren has no dramatic and widespread negative effects on a range of health and health behavior indicators when controlling for grandparents' characteristic and prior health rather than the consequences of caregiving (H”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hughes et al., 2007 source
The Results state that the study found no evidence of dramatic and widespread negative effects on grandparents’ health and health behavior. The Discussion says that controlling for grandparents’ characteristics and prior health attenuated apparent differences, while noting limited adverse effects for some grandmothers in skipped-generation households. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of models using the weight versus not shows that the magnitude of the grandparenting variables (e.g., high intensity of care) is slightly larger than those without the adjustment, suggesting potential positive selection effects (i.e., healthier grandparents may be more likely to care for grandchildren) were captured by using propensity score weighting (results available upon request).”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heavy involvement in child care does not have a universally adverse effect on health; instead, caregiving has varied effects by gender and urban/rural residence.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results across the models consistently show that both coresidence and family lineage matter, although the effects are different for the intercept and linear growth rate model.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analytical results shown in Table 3 suggest that care intensity affects grandparents' health trajectories, however, as hypothesized, the effect is not linear and differs in its effect on the mean level and the rate of health decline (see Model 1 in Table 3 and predicted health trajectories in Figure 2)”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They clearly support our hypothesis that the effect of grandparents' caregiving is not only conditioned by the level of intensity but also shaped by the characteristics of the caregiver and the context of caregiving.”
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our subsequent finding shows that whereas heavy involvement in child care accelerates health decline, grandparents with a light child care load enjoy a better health level on average.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paternal grandparents living with their sons' families evidently enjoy a higher mean level of self-reported health and less rapid health decline than coresiding maternal grandparents, suggesting the benefit of a culturally preferred living arrangement.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Figure 4 shows, urban grandparents who are providing intensive care do not suffer from a clear health disadvantage, whereas it is obvious that rural grandparents engaged in high intensity care have worse health compared with all other groups of grandparents.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in some additional analyses of the interaction between work status and caregiving intensity, we find that even a low level of child care involvement has a negative effect on health level when one is combining work and care, suggesting the risk of double burden or role conflict (results observed in a subsample of married grandparents, not shown).”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall working sample also excludes missing values (less than 6%) on any variable included in the analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not include the interaction term between age-squared and grandparenting variables because they were not significant.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We use this measure of self-reported health (SRH) as our main dependent variable, as it has been consistently documented to be a valid measure of health and a robust predictor of mortality and survival (Farmer & Ferraro, 1997;Hays, Schoenfeld, & Blazer, 1996;Idler & Angel, 1990;Idler & Benyamini, 1997;Johnson & Wolinsky, 1993).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Farmer & Ferraro, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hays, Schoenfeld, & Blazer, 1996 source
- Not matchedcites Idler & Angel, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, in China, it is common for grandparents to live with children and grandchildren and to provide care for their grandchildren on a regular basis (Chen, Short, & Entwisle, 2000;Hermalin, Roan, & Perez, 1998;Olson, 1990;Unger, 1993).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chen, Short, & Entwisle, 2000 source
- Not matchedcites Hermalin, Roan, & Perez, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Olson, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result of a strictly enforced household registration system, urban residents are more likely to have a higher living standard, to receive retirement income, and to have better access to health insurance programs and health care facilities than rural residents (F.Wang & Mason, 2007;Zimmer & Kwong, 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites F.Wang & Mason, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zimmer & Kwong, 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This supports our hypothesis that the lighter care involvement may indeed provide a beneficial effect on health, whereas intense grandchild care may be physically and psychologically draining.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then add a quadratic term due to its better empirical fit and a theoretical expectation of a nonlinear pattern of health decline.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We use propensity score weighting to take into account potential selection bias.”
- Also stated in: § Research Hypotheses and Design · plain
“Thus, in the analysis, we use propensity score weighting method to control for such selectivity.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Guo & Fraser, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Coresidence with grandchildren and intensive child care provision are selective in nature, as compared with occasional babysitting.
- Also stated in: § Research Hypotheses and Design · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because all the three-way interaction terms were not significant, they were dropped from the analyses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the CHNS data are not a representative sample of China, previous studies using the CHNS data have suggested that the characteristics of the households and individuals well reflected the national averages (e.g., see Du, Lu, Zhai, & Popkin, 2002;Entwisle & Chen, 2002;Short, Ma, & Yu, 2000).”
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because individuals remaining in the sample are likely to be healthier, we will address this potential selection bias in the method section.”
hedgedn = 753- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The context of China is different in that grandparents' caregiving is normative and common.Thus, the process of negative selection is much less of a concern.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study in China found that older adults living in three-generation households or with grandchildren in skipped-generation households have better psychological well-being than those in single-generation households (Silverstein, Cong, & Li, 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Silverstein, Cong, & Li, 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In exchange, remittances sent back to the grandparents by the adult children could help improve overall family well-being and strengthen the intergenerational tie.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that self-reported health is an ordinal variable, we estimated Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) with ordinal logit link using SAS PROC GLIMMIX in our preliminary analysis but did not present these results because the fixed and random effect coefficients and variance estimates are qualitatively similar from these two sets of analyses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the United States, grandparents often do not”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, with an estimated 144.4 million temporary migrants (the so-called”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Bureau of Statistics in China, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We modeled the quadratic rate of b 2i but did not present it due to insignificant results.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frequent contact with grandchildren has been found to be associated with high levels of life satisfaction (Forsyth, 1994;Forsyth et al., 1992;Goodman & Silverstein, 2001;Kivnick, 1981;Peterson, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Forsyth, 1994
- Not matchedcites Forsyth et al., 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goodman & Silverstein, 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although it could be potentially burdensome for grandparents, remittances from their adult children often help to compensate for the effort and to strengthen the intergenerational bond (Cong & Silverstein, 2008).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cong & Silverstein, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among them, 753 individuals died by the end of 2006.”
plainn = 753- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the potential of positive selection cannot be ruled out, in that they could be healthier to begin with.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, their worsened health condition could be due to a combination of the lack of support from grandmothers, the stress associated with widowhood, and perhaps equally important traditional gender role expectations.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Chinese culture, child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.
- Rests on an assumption: Grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when grandmothers are present.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“On the other hand, scholars and policy makers have long been concerned about undermining traditional family values and weakened filial practices in rural China during the collectivization of agriculture in the 1950s and a further erosion of parental authority and power shift to the better educated and more resourceful young generation since the economic reforms beginning in the late 1970s (Davis &”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davis & Harrell, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Parish & Whyte, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites D. Wang, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Indeed, noncoresiding family members are increasingly likely to be involved in each others' lives (Whyte, 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Whyte, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our analysis, we address this issue by using propensity score weighting in our growth curve analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the issue of endogeneity and selectivity are not easily addressed.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“On the other hand, our findings are in line with the role strain theory, in which intensive caregiving can be physically taxing and takes away resources from aging adults, leading to more rapid health decline (Jendrek, 1993;M. Minkler, 1999).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when the grandmothers are present, the lack of normative support could make daily caregiving more difficult and stressful.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Chinese culture, child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.
- Rests on an assumption: Grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when grandmothers are present.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, we use self-reported health because it is the only measure of health that is consistently available across all waves of the data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking care of grandchildren could be even more emotionally rewarding when it is altruistically motivated and not compelled by economic necessity.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Grandparents who do not live with grandchildren could also play a significant role in taking care of their grandchildren.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although caring for school-aged children may not be as physically draining, grandparents' interaction with grandchildren may take on other forms and could have health implications as well.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An earlier study by the research team suggests that grandfathers' involvement was much lower than that of the grandmothers and that their heavy involvement is often preceded by the unavailability of grandmothers (Chen et al., forthcoming).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chen et al., forthcoming
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, our examination of care is limited to coresiding grandparents.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although the household is a crucial context for social support, relations among its members can create tensions and conflicts and thus be harmful to health, particularly in a cultural context that emphasizes harmony (Lai, 1995;Rook, 1984).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, although some grandparents provide care to coresiding grandchildren, other grandparents may require care themselves.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We treat health as an outcome in the analysis, but living arrangements and caregiving could be endogenous to health.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The added burden of intensive care for grandchildren could further exacerbate the vulnerable situation of the rural older adults coupled with a lack of institutional recognition and support.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: There are wide discrepancies in socioeconomic and health care resources between urban and rural residents, with rural grandparents disadvantaged in health capitals.
- Rests on an assumption: Rural grandparents lack pension programs and are more likely to be dependent on their children.
- Rests on an assumption: The cultural imperative of filial piety and the expectation of adult children providing support for parents are stronger for rural than urban older adults.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we do not examine the care of grandparents for nonfamily members due to data limitation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that the influence of heavy involvement with child care on health differs for urban and rural grandparents provides another piece of evidence that the consequence of grandchild care is not universal and contingent on the context and circumstances of the care.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the analysis of the influence of living arrangements provides us with an initial understanding of the structural context of caregiving, as coresidence facilitates easy access of grandparents to grandchildren.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Caring for grandchildren could be considered a reciprocal form of intergenerational exchange that ensures old age support in later life (Cong & Silverstein, 2008;Croll, 2006).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, our study helps to identify grandparent caregivers who are at greater risks and grandfathers and rural grandparents engaged in intensive care.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Previous research suggests that grandparents' caregiving for grandchildren could inject a sense of meaning and purpose in life, induce a more active lifestyle, and facilitate family bonding (Pruchno & McKenney, 2002;Silverstein et al., 2006;Waldrop & Weber, 2001).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Coresidence with grandchildren and intensive child care provision are selective in nature, as compared with occasional babysitting.
“Coresidence with grandchildren and intensive child care provision are most likely to be selective in nature (as compared with occasional babysitting).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The measures of potential needs for child care by adult children are important predictors of grandparents' engagement in child care and do not have direct effects on grandparents' health.
“The last two measures are particularly important because we consider them important predictors of whether grandparents are engaged in child care or not, while at the same time, the measures should not have direct effects on grandparents' health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In rural China, parents can be particularly dependent on their children for financial security in old age.
“In rural China, parents can be particularly dependent on their children for financial security in old age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Health change usually does not take place suddenly but is likely a gradual, interactive, and cumulative process.
“Nonetheless, health change usually does not take place suddenly but is likely a gradual, interactive, and cumulative process.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coresidence with children and grandchildren does not happen at random.
“In addition, coresidence with children and grandchildren does not happen at random.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The residuals and random effects in the growth curve models are normally distributed.
“with eti assumed to be independently and normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a constant variance of s 2 , and with both u 0i and u 2i assumed to have multivariate normal distribution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Chinese culture, child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.
“In Chinese culture (as in many other cultures), child care provision is viewed as a feminine role.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are wide discrepancies in socioeconomic and health care resources between urban and rural residents, with rural grandparents disadvantaged in health capitals.
“With wide discrepancies in socioeconomic and health care resources between urban and rural residents, rural grandparents are clearly at a disadvantage with regard to health capitals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rural grandparents lack pension programs and are more likely to be dependent on their children.
“With an absence of pension programs, they are much more likely to be dependent on their children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Urban grandparents are more financially independent and have more resources, such as a larger social network and easier access to transportation.
“In comparison, urban grandparents are much more financially independent and have more resources at their disposal (e.g., larger social network and easier access to transportation).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cultural imperative of filial piety and the expectation of adult children providing support for parents are stronger for rural than urban older adults.
“On the one hand, the cultural imperative of filial piety, the need, and the expectation of adult children providing support for parents are stronger for rural than urban older adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Strong intergenerational bonds define Chinese tradition, and caring for grandchildren is often not perceived as a privilege or burden but a normative way of life for many grandparents.
“In a context where strong intergenerational bonds define its tradition, caring for grandchildren is often not perceived as a privilege or burden but a normative way of life for many grandparents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Grandchild care is not an isolated event but an essential part of a dynamic system of family exchange.
“It is not an isolated event but an essential part of a dynamic system of family exchange.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when grandmothers are present.
“Given that grandfathers are not culturally expected to be in nurturing roles and often do not do so when the grandmothers are present, the lack of normative support could make daily caregiving more difficult and stressful.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caregiving requires older adults to have basic functional ability.
“Because caregiving must require older adults to have basic functional ability, the less robust findings on ADL may not be surprising because the selection effect may be stronger.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Results
“The negative effect that is associated with intensive care (0.09) is wiped out for urban grandparents when adding the interaction term (-0.11) in the intercept model (Model 3 in Table 3).”
§ Key Variables
“We have reverse-coded selfrated health so that higher values indicate better health.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Key Variables
“We operationalize caregiving load as "high intensity" (i.e., 15 or more caregiving hours per week), "low intensity" (i.e., 1-14 caregiving hours per week), and "no-care" (reference group).”
§ Discussion and Conclusion
“High intensity (more than 15 hr per week)”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: What Have We Learned Over the Past Decade?
Hayslip, B., Fruhauf, C. A., & Dolbin‐MacNab, M. L. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx106 · Cited by 295
Gessa, G. D., Glaser, K., & Tinker, A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.041 · Cited by 230
Fingerman, K. L., Huo, M. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12604 · Cited by 217
Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on the Health of Grandparents in Taiwan
Ku, L. E., Stearns, S. C., Houtven, C. H. V., Lee, S.-Y. D., Dilworth‐Anderson, P., & Konrad, T. R. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt090 · Cited by 229
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194
Physical and mental health of Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren and great-grandparents
Xu, H. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.047 · Cited by 196
“In China, among grandparents who provided intensive grandchild care, grandfathers were found to experience a faster decline in self-rated health than grandmothers (Chen & Liu, 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Demography of Grandparenthood: An International Profile
Léopold, T., & Škopek, J. (2015) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sov066 · Cited by 161
“…daughters (Arpino, Pronzato, and Tavares 2014); role strain, role enhancement, and associated health effects of “on-time” and “off-time” grandparenthood (Chen and Liu 2012); the division of labor in grandparent couples (Leopold and Skopek 2014); grandparental influence on the intergenerational…”
Living Arrangements and Health of Older Adults in India
Samanta, T., Chen, F., & Vanneman, R. D. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu164 · Cited by 157
“Similarly, living arrangement categories 3 and 4 distinguish whether the coresidence with grandchildren (or lack thereof) shape elderly health outcomes through positive lifestyle changes (e.g., quit smoking or drinking) or physical strain (as a result of caregiving responsibilities) as suggested by studies on grand-pa…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Health Impact of Intensive and Nonintensive Grandchild Care in Europe: New Evidence From SHARE
Gessa, G. D., Glaser, K., & Tinker, A. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv055 · Cited by 151
“Chen and Liu (2012), using the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey, found no differences in SRH between coresiding and noncoresiding grandparents; however, coresiding grandparents who provided more than 15 hr per week of grandchild care were more likely to report worse SRH.”
BackgroundMethodLuo, Y., Pan, X., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.052 · Cited by 150
Grandparenting, health, and well-being: A systematic literature review
Danielsbacka, M., Křenková, L., & Tanskanen, A. O. (2022) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00674-y · Cited by 120
“In this review, 5/34 studies concerning custodial grandparents were conducted with data from Asian countries, and the results were either nonsignificant (Chen and Liu 2012; Choi and Zhang 2018), positive (Chung and Park 2018; Ku et al.”
BackgroundResultRace/ethnic differentials in the health consequences of caring for grandchildren for grandparents
Chen, F., Mair, C. A., Bao, L., & Yang, Y. C. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu160 · Cited by 110
Self-citationZhou, J. W., Mao, W., Lee, Y., & Chi, I. (2016) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027515623332 · Cited by 104
“SRH has proven to be a valid measure of health in many studies and captures the health trajectory of individuals over the life course (Chen & Liu, 2012; Chen, Yang, & Liu, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDolbin-MacNab, M. L., & Yancura, L. A. (2018) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415016689565 · Cited by 99
“This development resulted in a massive migration of working-aged adults from rural villages to urban areas (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialHayslip, B., Blumenthal, H., & Garner, A. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu165 · Cited by 91
“Chen and Liu (2012) found that skipped generation grandparent caregivers did not experience health difficulties, especially if they enjoyed a greater income.”
BackgroundParticipation in Productive Activities and Health Outcomes Among Older Adults in Urban China
Li, Y., Xu, L., Chi, I., & Guo, P. (2013) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt106 · Cited by 88
Hank, K., Cavrini, G., Gessa, G. D., & Tomassini, C. (2018) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-018-0468-1 · Cited by 86
“1997), particularly among grandparents with primary care responsibilities or who co-reside with grandchildren and provide high levels of childcare (Chen and Liu 2012; Minkler and Fuller-Thomson 2005; Minkler et al. 1997).”
BackgroundDanielsbacka, M., Tanskanen, A. O., Coall, D. A., & Jokela, M. M. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.031 · Cited by 76
“Indeed, a negative effect may arise when no grandparental investment exists at all (Drew and Silverstein, 2007) or when grandparental investment reaches its highest level (e.g., in the form of custodial care; Baker and Silverstein, 2008; Chen and Liu, 2012; Grinstead et al., 2003; Hughes et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2…”
BackgroundHealthcare-Seeking Behavior among Chinese Older Adults: Patterns and Predictive Factors
Zeng, Y., Wan, Y., Yuan, Z., & Fang, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062969 · Cited by 77
“In some cases, grandparents help perform child care duties and even continue to help their adult children financially [52].”
BackgroundGuo, M., Xu, L., Liu, J., Mao, W., & Chi, I. (2015) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x15000446 · Cited by 72
Kim, H.-J., Kang, H., & Johnson-Motoyama, M. (2017) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2016.1194306 · Cited by 70
“Supplementary grandchild care is common in Asian countries such as China (Chen & Liu, 2012) and has become increasingly popular in many European countries (Di Gessa, Glaser, Price, © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group CONTACT Hye-Jin Kim hyejin@ku.edu Ribe, & Tinker, 2016; Hank & Buber, 2009; M…”
BackgroundPsychological Well‐Being of Older Chinese‐American Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren
Tang, F., Xu, L., Chi, I., & Dong, X. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14455 · Cited by 71
“According to the role strain theory, grandparents who provide extensive care may experience role strain and associated effects on employment, self-care, or relationships with their spouse or others.(14) Consequently, the high level of caregiving stress may negatively affect grandparents’ mental and physical health,(14…”
Guo, M., Chi, I., & Silverstein, M. (2015) · Ageing & Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x15001403 · Cited by 60
Grandparent Caregiving, Race, and Cognitive Functioning in a Population-Based Sample of Older Adults
Sneed, R. S., & Schulz, R. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264317733362 · Cited by 65
“…generally associate the provision of this form of support with numerous adverse physical health outcomes, including poorer self-rated health (Chen & Liu, 2012; Minkler & Fuller-Thomson, 1999), increased frailty (Chen, Mair, Bao, & Yang, 2015), and greater coronary heart disease risk (Lee,…”
BackgroundHilbrand, S., Coall, D. A., Gerstorf, D., & Hertwig, R. (2016) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.11.010 · Cited by 62
“These detrimental effects are most pronounced when grandparents provide custodial childcare (Chen & Liu, 2012; Ross & Aday, 2006).”
BackgroundSilverstein, M. D., & Zuo, D. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1852175 · Cited by 70
Chan, A. C. Y., Lee, S.-K., Zhang, J., Banegas, J., Marsalis, S., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2023) · The gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac026 · Cited by 65
Health and Grandparent–Grandchild Well-Being
Hayslip, B., Blumenthal, H., & Garner, A. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264314525664 · Cited by 60
“Chen and Liu (2012) found that skipped-generation grandparent caregivers did not experience health difficulties over time, especially if they enjoyed a greater income.”
BackgroundGlaser, K., Price, D., Gessa, G. D., Ribe, E., Stuchbury, R., & Tinker, A. (2010) · Cited by 70
The Health of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: A Literature Review
Hadfield, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20140219-01 · Cited by 58
The health effects of caregiving by grandparents in Taiwan: an instrumental variable estimation
Ku, L. E., Stearns, S. C., Houtven, C. H. V., & Holmes, M. (2012) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-012-9154-9 · Cited by 59
Caring as curing: Grandparenting and depressive symptoms in China
Choi, S., & Zhang, Z. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114452 · Cited by 58
The Delay of Grandparenthood: A Cohort Comparison in East and West Germany
Léopold, T., & Škopek, J. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12169 · Cited by 52
“As a result, the meaning of grandparenthood (Kivnick, 1982), the style of grandparenting (Neugarten & Weinstein, 1964), and the benefits and burdens associated with the grandparent role (Chen & Liu, 2012) become “a matter of individual circumstance” (Burton & Bengtson, 1985, p. 66).”
BackgroundKomonpaisarn, T., & Loichinger, E. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.031 · Cited by 52
Informal care provision across multiple generations in China
Falkingham, J., Evandrou, M., Qin, M., & Vlachantoni, A. (2019) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x19000369 · Cited by 52
“This, combined with high employment rates among women, a relatively short period of maternity leave (three to six months after the birth) and recent substantial rural to urban migration, has meant that Chinese grandparents have become more involved in grandchild care, a trend further supported by the relatively young…”
BackgroundGrandparenthood in China and Western Europe: An analysis of CHARLS and SHARE
Zhang, J., Emery, T., & Dykstra, P. A. (2018) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2018.11.003 · Cited by 50
Wang, C. D. C., Hayslip, B., Sun, Q., & Zhu, W. (2019) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415018824722 · Cited by 52
Longitudinal impacts of grandparent caregiving on cognitive, mental, and physical health in China
Zeng, Y., Chen, Y., & Lum, T. Y. S. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1856779 · Cited by 52
Resourcefulness Training for Grandmothers: Preliminary Evidence of Effectiveness
Zauszniewski, J. A., Musil, C. M., Burant, C. J., & Au, T. K. (2013) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21574 · Cited by 48
“More and more grandmothers are raising grandchildren worldwide (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundIntergenerational Family Relations
Tanskanen, A. O., & Danielsbacka, M. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315107806 · Cited by 92
Zhu, D., Mahmud, A. A., & Liu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1188887 · Cited by 51
“Moreover, the combination of advanced age and a high burden of caregiving for grandchildren accelerates the decline in global cognitive function and episodic memory among these grandparents (66), aligning with previous studies in China that highlight the accelerated cognitive decline resulting from high-intensity care…”
BackgroundFacing “Double Jeopardy”? Depressive Symptoms in Left-Behind Elderly in Rural China
Song, Q. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316659964 · Cited by 46
“Time taking care of grandchildren is controlled, as it can be influenced by adult children’s migration and also has an effect on older adult’s mental health (F. Chen & Liu, 2012; Chu, Xie, & Yu, 2011; Ku et al., 2013; Silverstein et al., 2006; Zeng & Xie, 2014).”
BackgroundChoice and Constraint in the Negotiation of the Grandparent Role: A Mixed-Methods Study
McGarrigle, C. A., Timonen, V., & Layte, R. (2018) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721417750944 · Cited by 49
“A positive association between nonintensive grandparenting and better health outcomes has been found across 11 European countries (Glaser, Di Gessa, & Tinker, 2014), Australia (Burn & Szoeke, 2015), and in both China and Taiwan (Chen & Liu, 2012; Tsai et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLin, Z., & Li, N. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221091831 · Cited by 60
Wen, M., Ren, Q., Korinek, K., & Trinh, H. N. (2019) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.01.004 · Cited by 44
Quirke, E., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029605 · Cited by 49
The One-Child Policy, Elder Care, and LGB Chinese: A Social Policy Explanation for Family Pressure
Hildebrandt, T. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1422946 · Cited by 44
“Having a large family, grandparenting, and multigenerational living is also seen as critical to ensure care as citizens age (Chen & Liu, 2012; Sanders & Sun, 2006).2 This is best understood by examining the social policy context in the next section.”
BackgroundGrandparenting and Self-Rated Health Among Older Korean Women
Choi, S., & Zhang, Z.-M. (2018) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027518766419 · Cited by 30
Yang, Y., Zhang, B., Meng, H., Liu, D., & Sun, M. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015162 · Cited by 42
“The cultural expectations of caring for grandchildren and doing housework are a well-known phenomenon in China.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrandparent caregiving and cognitive functioning among older people: evidence from Korea
Ahn, T., & Choi, K. D. (2018) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-018-9413-5 · Cited by 44
Downward transfer of support and care: understanding the cultural lag in rural China
Qiu, F., Zhan, H. J., Liu, J., & Barrett, P. M. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x2000152x · Cited by 39
Liao, S., Qi, L., Xiong, J., Yan, J., & Wang, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010021 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, a handful of research further investigated the frequency [36], intensity [37], number of grandchildren [38], and cohabitation of grandparent caregiving [39], but also failed to reach an agreement on the optimal patterns of grandparenting that can contribute to cognition [40–42].”
BackgroundGrandchild care and life satisfaction of older adults: Empirical evidence from China
Dong, X., Ling, H., Yang, T., & Wang, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1081559 · Cited by 37
“Even as the labor force frequently shifts due to regional economic differences, leaving children behind has become common today (Chen and Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundStress and optimism of elderlies who are caregivers for elderlies and live with children
de Oliveira, N. A., Souza, É. N., Luchesi, B. M., Inouye, K., & Pavarini, S. C. I. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0088 · Cited by 35
Magaña, I., Martínez, P., & Loyola, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15450 · Cited by 34
Smartphone Use, Technology Affordance for Healthcare and Elders' Life Satisfaction
Li, G., Jin, C., Zhao, B., & Wu, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.861897 · Cited by 39
“Other studies have shown that living with adult children may lead to less free time because of the need to take care of grandchildren and to do household duties; these may have an adverse impact on cognitive function of the elderly (93, 94).”
BackgroundTransnational families and the well-being of children and caregivers who stay in origin countries
Mazzucato, V. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.030 · Cited by 35
Wang, S., Li, S., & Hu, W. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115528 · Cited by 35
Consequences on depression of combining grandparental childcare with other caregiving roles
Arpino, B., & Goméz-León, M. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1584788 · Cited by 31
Craigs, C., Twiddy, M., Parker, S. G., & West, R. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.06.009 · Cited by 33
Shi, X. (2022) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.03.018 · Cited by 32
Liu, H., & LOU, V. W. Q. (2017) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afx032 · Cited by 32
The Rise and Prominence of Skip‐Generation Households in Lower‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Zimmer, Z., & Treleaven, E. (2020) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12349 · Cited by 32
Depressive symptoms in the context of Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren
Tang, F., Li, K., Jang, H., & Rauktis, M. B. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1910788 · Cited by 35
“As shown in a previous study (Chen & Liu, 2012), Chinese grandfathers who provided intensive grandchild care had a faster decline in selfrated health than did grandmother counterparts.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChung, S., & Park, A. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1376312 · Cited by 31
“In China, although grandparents living in three-generation households experience higher rates of health decline, non-intensive grandchild care was beneficial to their health (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundYang, F., & Liu, X. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105648 · Cited by 31
Gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren
Zhao, D., Zhou, Z., Shen, C., Ibrahim, S. H., Zhao, Y., Cao, D., & Lai, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11886-3 · Cited by 32
Tsai, F. (2016) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.01.009 · Cited by 30
“…and is further shaped by individual characteristics, this study controlled the selfreported health and found that elders stopped to take care of grandchild had significantly higher risk of having worse depressive symptoms than elders not taking care of grandchild at all (Chen & Liu, 2011).”
BackgroundThe experiences of grandparents raising grandchildren in Indonesia
Fauziningtyas, R., Indarwati, R., Alfriani, D., et al. (2018) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/wwop-10-2018-0019 · Cited by 30
“Studies in the USA, China, and Europe explained that grandparents serve as an important form of support for multigenerational families and as the centers of intergenerational solidarity models (Chen and Liu, 2012; Hayslip, 2014; Muller and Litwin, 2011; Uhlenberg, 2009).”
BackgroundChen, H., & Zhu, Z. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10617-y · Cited by 30
Yang, X., & Yin, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031255 · Cited by 31
“In other words, adult children provide financial support and security for the elderly parents, and, at the same time, the elderly alleviate the pressure of adult children, and are able to care for grandchildren [38], which is also a reasonable embodiment of the hierarchical theory of needs [39].”
BackgroundWang, Y., & Gonzales, E. G. (2019) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2019.1591697 · Cited by 28
Grandchild Caregiving and Cognitive Health Among Grandparents in Rural South Africa
Jennings, E. A., Farrell, M. T., & Kobayashi, L. C. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643211006592 · Cited by 29
“…such as poorer cognitive functioning in verbal fluency (although not in numeracy or word recall) (Arpino & Bordone, 2014); issues with pain and mobility, greater stress, and lower life satisfaction (Bowers & Myers, 1999; Clottey et al., 2015); and accelerated health decline (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundTo, W. M., Gao, J. H., & Leung, E. Y. W. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020982993 · Cited by 27
Li, Y., Han, W., & Hu, M. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13493 · Cited by 27
Resourcefulness Training for Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren
Zauszniewski, J. A., Musil, C. M., Burant, C. J., Standing, T. S., & Au, T.-Y. (2013) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945913500725 · Cited by 26
“Email: jaz@case.edu Raising grandchildren is becoming more prevalent across the globe (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundCaring for Grandchildren and Grandparents’ Physical and Mental Health Changes
Yoo, J., & Russell, D. W. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01618-y · Cited by 26
“The results of this study supported the results of Chen and Liu (2012), who argued that the personal attributes and existing health status could affect the decision of grandchild care and the changes in health status while caring grandchildren.”
InfluentialThe physical health dilemmas facing custodial grandparent caregivers: Policy considerations
Taylor, M. F., Marquis, R., Coall, D. A., Batten, R., & Werner, J. (2017) · Cogent Medicine · doi:10.1080/2331205x.2017.1292594 · Cited by 26
“In conclusion, if these health issues were addressed higher levels of social capital support would likely translate into lower morbidity rates (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, J., & Chen, F. (2021) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275211058433 · Cited by 27
Self-citationLow, S. S. H., & Goh, E. C. L. (2015) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2015.1111003 · Cited by 25
“Some studies found mixed outcomes for grandparents caring for grandchildren in China (e.g., Chen & Liu, 2012); numerous reported positive health (Guo, Pickard, & Huang, 2008; Sands, Goldberg-Glen, & Thornton, 2005) and mental health (Guo et al., 2008) among grandparents from China (Guo et al.,…”
BackgroundLongitudinal Evidence on Grandparenting and Cognitive Function in Older Adults in China
Pan, X., Zhang, D. “., & Shi, L. (2020) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2020.1742845 · Cited by 26
Notter, I. R. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab164 · Cited by 24
“Further, Chen & Liu (2012) argue that when grandchild care is less intensive, the benefits of the role’s emotional rewards and social support are highlighted and improve health; meanwhile a heavier care responsibility worsens health.”
BackgroundGrandmothers and the gender gap in the Mexican labor market
Marcos, M. Á. T. (2022) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.103013 · Cited by 24
Teerawichitchainan, B., & Low, T. Q. Y. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113914 · Cited by 24
Kumar, S. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113832 · Cited by 22
Zhao, M., Zhu, Z., Kong, C., & Zhao, C. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10892-9 · Cited by 24
Zhang, J., Fokkema, T., & Arpino, B. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211041992 · Cited by 30
Mothers’ and grandmothers’ caregiving for young children in Chile: Roles and responsibilities.
Zegers, M., & Reynolds, S. (2022) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000984 · Cited by 22
Caring for grandchildren and life satisfaction of grandparents in China
Shen, K., & Yang, X. (2022) · Aging and Health Research · doi:10.1016/j.ahr.2022.100095 · Cited by 25
Changes in Grandparental Childcare During the Pandemic and Mental Health: Evidence From England
Gessa, G. D., Bordone, V., & Arpino, B. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac104 · Cited by 22
“…2019), and factors such as intensity and health outcomes add to the complexity of the relationship, several studies have found that grandparents providing secondary grandchild care tend to report better health (Chen & Liu, 2012; Di Gessa et al., 2016a, 2016b; Hughes et al., 2007; Ku et al., 2013).”
Navarro-Martínez, R., Mafla-España, M. A., & Cauli, O. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14235141 · Cited by 22
“It has been suggested that grandparents who take on intensive parenting roles are often among the most disadvantaged and in the poorest health [66].”
BackgroundResultTaylor, M., Marquis, R., Coall, D., & Werner, J. (2018) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2017.1297772 · Cited by 17
“Notwithstanding current assertions that the numbers of custodial grandparents are escalating worldwide (Chen & Liu, 2012), an accurate global quantification of the phenomenon remains elusive, largely because of variations in the types of data that individual countries collect.”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716 · Cited by 24
Chen, F., Bao, L., Lin, Z., Zimmer, Z., Gultiano, S. A., & Borja, J. B. (2017) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x17000599 · Cited by 30
Self-citationYang, Y. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1963952 · Cited by 20
“As suggested by previous research, the two role theories complement each other, and one may outweigh the other depending on the context (Chen & Liu, 2012).”
MethodGlaser, K., Gessa, G. D., & Tinker, A. (2014) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 20
Grandparenting and Cognitive Functioning in China
Xu, H. (2021) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-020-09628-1 · Cited by 22
“…health problems, and incarceration, Chinese grandparents tend to willingly engage in full-time or even custodial grandchild care in exchange for financial support from adult migrant children, which in turn, acts as a buffer against caregiving stress and burden (Chen and Liu 2012; Burnette et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, L., Huang, R., Lei, J., Liu, Y., & Liu, D. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05604-7 · Cited by 28
“In China, it is common for families to rely on skip-generation child raising [49, 50], with a majority of children (70”
BackgroundShenk, M. K., Morse, A., Mattison, S. M., Sear, R., Alam, N., Raqib, R., Kumar, A., Haque, F., Blumenfield, T., Shaver, J. H., et al. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0027 · Cited by 18
Chen, L., Li, Y., & Yang, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710790 · Cited by 17
“Following the trend toward rapidly increasing life expectancies [1], China’s old-age dependency ratio is expected to rise from 17.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, F., & Liu, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-07
- Volume
- 67B
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-112
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- PMC
- PMC3267025
- OpenAlex
- W2134956216
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 18.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
- Keywords
- grandparenting, grandchild care, older adults' health, health trajectories, skipped-generation households, three-generation family, living arrangements, care intensity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, China, Family, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Status
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