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The Measurement of Happiness: Development of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH)
Abstract
Items of the Affect Balance Scale, the Life Satisfaction Index-Z and the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Scale together with 22 new items were used in the construction of a happiness scale for the elderly. Items were initially administered to 301 subjects from urban, rural, and institutional settings and correlated with ratings of happiness. A new scale consisting of 24 items was cross-validated on an additional 297 subjects. Test-retest reliability scores were obtained on 56 subjects. Results indicated that the new scale was a better predictor of "avowed happiness" in both validation and cross-validation samples than the existing scales used for comparison. Moreover, the new scale's test-rated reliability was within an acceptable range for this type of scale.
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“and psychological well-being was used as an alternative phrasing for mental health.74”
From Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time (2016) · cites this paper as [74]
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Items 301–327 of 327
Zhang, Z., & Tamura, R. (2022) · doi:10.5821/conference-9788419184849.68
“Widely used nowadays are PANAS by Watson [4] and MUNSH by Kozma and Stones [5].”
MethodThe Validation and Development of the Subjective Happiness Scale for the Adults in South Korea
Kim, M., Ji, E.-G., Jeon, Y.-J., & Lee, Y.-K. (2023) · Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange · doi:10.47116/apjcri.2023.08.14
Subjective Well-Being Measure: Profiling and Indexing
Bhatnagar, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6526-7_6
Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH)
Stones, M. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_1783
Self-citationTHE HAPPINESS PROJECT- A LITERATURE REVIEW
Kanade, S., Goswami, A., & saini, M. K. (2024) · Journal of Quantum Science of Consciousness. · doi:10.69573/jqsc.2024.2.1.31.80-92
Older Chinese adults’ social participation and happiness: the mediating effect of spirituality
Li, J., & Wu, H.-T. (2024) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2024.2393602
“Researchers in multiple countries have used English (Kozma & Stones, 1980), French (Brouillard, 1999), Korean (Hyoung, 2008), and Chinese (R.-G. Liu & Gong, 1999) versions of the MUNSH to investigate older adults and other age groups.”
The Cross-Culture Validity of Five-Factor Model and the Risk Factors of Successful Aging
杨, 洁. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.153150
Ma, Y., Wu, J., Jia, R., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00912-5
“Older adults’ subject happiness was measured by the Memorial University of Newfound - land Scale of Happiness (MUNSH, Kozma & Stones, 1980 ).”
Ye, F., Wu, Y., Pan, C., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1606373
Shani, M., & Böttcher, M. (2025) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.70027
“This measure is reliable and valid in adolescent populations (Diener, 1984; Kozma & Stones, 1980).”
A Study on Enhancing the Well-Being of Left-Behind Elderly in Traditional Villages of Pingliang City
周, 家. (2025) · Aging Research · doi:10.12677/ar.2025.1212152
Wang, M., Wu, J., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, B. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70080
Qi, Y., Zhang, Y., & Ma, Y. (2026) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnag018
Ren, L., Pan, H., Chen, A., Ahn, S. N., & Miao, M. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07342-9
“Given its emphasis on positive and negative affective experiences as well as overall evaluations of life satisfaction, the MUNSH aligns closely with both the affective and cognitive components of subjective well-being as defined in the present study [5, 29].”
Compréhension du bien-être alimentaire des étudiants dans des environnements physiques et numériques
Sadoun, L. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c949979czd7b4z475ezbbcazef00bacc4cca
Tang, P., & Yu, L. (2026) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2026.2663357
Xin, Y., Zuo, X., Zhu, Z., et al. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07949-y
“Quality of life Subjective well-being was measured using the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happi-ness (MUNSH) [16], comprising 24 items across four of continuous variables was checked using the Shapiro– Wilk test, which indicated approximately normality for most variables.”
Moyano-Díaz, E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25985-1_1
Moyano-Díaz, E., & Durán-Lara, K. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25985-1_10
Guo, H., Zhou, Q., Liu, Y., Li, W., & Li, S. (2026) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165261469312
“Following prior scales measuring affect (Bradburn, 1969; Kozma & Stones, 1980), this study operationalised affect primarily by capturing mental and social aspects of well-being, and retained the linguistic structure of ‘certain affect towards something’, such as Bradburn’s wording, ‘particu-larly…”
Life Satisfaction and Suicidal Behavior in Older Adults: Mediating Effects of Depression and Anxiety
Gwon, T., & Kim, P. S. (2026) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2026.27.8.2209
Chapter 13 Motor Expertise and Aging:The Relevance of Lifestyle to Balance
Stones, M. J., Hong, B., & Kozma, A. (1993) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61474-0
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1980-11-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 906-912
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156612002
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- happiness, scale development, older adults, test-retest reliability, cross-validation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Happiness, Humans, Psychological Tests
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