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The Measurement of Happiness: Development of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH)
Abstract
Items of the Affect Balance Scale, the Life Satisfaction Index-Z and the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Scale together with 22 new items were used in the construction of a happiness scale for the elderly. Items were initially administered to 301 subjects from urban, rural, and institutional settings and correlated with ratings of happiness. A new scale consisting of 24 items was cross-validated on an additional 297 subjects. Test-retest reliability scores were obtained on 56 subjects. Results indicated that the new scale was a better predictor of "avowed happiness" in both validation and cross-validation samples than the existing scales used for comparison. Moreover, the new scale's test-rated reliability was within an acceptable range for this type of scale.
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“and psychological well-being was used as an alternative phrasing for mental health.74”
From Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time (2016) · cites this paper as [74]
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Skarborn, M., & Nicki, R. M. (1996) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/6pyv-32g5-9mxy-qydp · Cited by 32
Proposing a new score to measure personal happiness by identifying the contributing factors
Moeinaddini, M., Asadi-Shekari, Z., Aghaabbasi, M., Saadi, I., Shah, M. Z., & Cools, M. (2019) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107115 · Cited by 29
Yang, Q., Tang, Y., Jennings, G., Zhao, B., Zhu, F., & Ma, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1014967 · Cited by 32
Effects of Nonprofessional Home Visit Programs for Subclinically Unhappy and Unhealthy Older Adults
McNeil, J. K. (1995) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346489501400307 · Cited by 28
Peng, H., Mao, X., & Lai, D. (2015) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-015-9234-2 · Cited by 27
“The Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH, Kozma & Stones, 1980) was employed to measure the subjective well-being of the aged people.”
Life Satisfaction, Acculturation, and Leisure Participation Among Older Urban Korean Immigrants
Kim, M. S. (2000) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/04419057.2000.9674184 · Cited by 27
A gap approach to exploring quality of life in mental health
Welham, J., Haire, M., Mercer, D., et al. (2001) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012549622363 · Cited by 27
Aging in a rural place: the elusive source of well-being
Kivett, V. R. (1988) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/0743-0167(88)90030-7 · Cited by 27
Paran, E., Anson, O., & Neumann, L. (1996) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00253-1 · Cited by 26
Physical Activity, Age, and Cognitive/Motor Performance
Stones, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1988) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3852-2_9 · Cited by 26
Self-citationYu, L., Yan, Z., Yang, X., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., & Hitchman, G. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0907-8 · Cited by 25
Kim, B.-S., Kim, J.-H., Park, S.-H., Seo, H.-S., Lee, H. S., & Lee, M.-M. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.909492 · Cited by 27
“The measurement of quality of life of elderly women participants used a LSS for the elderly that has been modified to Korean conditions from the research of Kozma and Stones [15].”
MethodInstruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review
Martín‐María, N., Lara, E., Cresswell‐Smith, J., Forsman, A. K., Kalseth, J., Donisi, V., Amaddeo, F., Wahlbeck, K., & Miret, M. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1774742 · Cited by 29
“Within the multi-dimensional category, four instruments achieved the highest level of quality: SCLSES (Salamon, 1988), PWB (Reker & Wong, 1984), LSITA (Barrett & Murk, 2006) and SODA (Fastame et al., 2020), followed by MUNSH (Kozma & Stones, 1980), that obtained a moderate quality.”
BackgroundInfluentialJackson, P. L., Saunders, P., Mizzi, S., & Hallam, K. T. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-04054-x · Cited by 35
“Brief [143] (WHOQOL-BREF, k = 1), Psychological General Well-Being Index [144] (PGWBI, k = 1), Satisfaction With Life Scale [145] (SWS, k = 1), Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness [146] (MUNSH, k = 1).”
Does Tourism Change Our Lives?
Tse, T. S. M. (2013) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2013.833125 · Cited by 24
“In order to explore whether travel and tourism bring about positive changes in our perception and lives in general, this research turns to Kozma and Stones’s (1980) Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH).”
BackgroundMethodLin, Y., Zhao, B., & Ma, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114545 · Cited by 23
“Subjective Well-Being To more comprehensively evaluate the subjective well-being of older adults, we used the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) [53], which has been validated among elderly Chinese adults [54,55].”
MethodWu, B., Liu, T., & Tian, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108692 · Cited by 23
“Direct effect of social media use on subjective well-being SWB is people’s evaluation of life on the whole, which includes constructs such as happiness, life satisfaction, and morale (Kozma and Stones, 1980).”
BackgroundMoyano‐Díaz, E., Moraga, E. F., & Soromaa, H. (2010) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.fvct · Cited by 22
Two State-Trait Discussions on Happiness. A Reply to Stones et al.
Veenhoven, R. (1998) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006867109976 · Cited by 23
“The happiness measure used by Stones et al. is the 24 item Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH; Kozma and Stones, 1980).”
MethodInfluentialKara, F. M., & Sarol, H. (2021) · Higher Education Studies · doi:10.5539/hes.v11n4p91 · Cited by 22
“According to the top-down/bottom-up theory, happy life is formed by a collection of happy moments and people achieving satisfaction are happy (Kozma & Stones, 1980).”
BackgroundÇiftci, N., & Yıldız, M. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01118-7 · Cited by 21
“According to the top-down approach, when the individual is happy, she gets more satisfaction from her own life (Kozma & Stones, 1980).”
BackgroundGilbart, E., & Hirdes, J. P. (2000) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800013891 · Cited by 21
The Mystery of Chinese People’s Happiness
Cheng, H., Chen, C., Li, D., & Yu, H. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9912-8 · Cited by 20
“The Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyle 2001), the Memorial University of Newfoundland and Scale of Happiness in Finland (Kozma and Stone 1980) and the Short Happiness and Affect Research Protocol (Stones and Kozma 1996) assess subjective well-being from the multi-dimensional perspective including living conditions, pe…”
MethodValidation of Geriatric Depression Scale–5 Scores Among Sedentary Older Adults
Márquez, D. X., McAuley, E., Motl, R. W., et al. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282464 · Cited by 21
Factors Influencing Counselor Educators' Subjective Sense of Well‐Being
Leinbaugh, T., Hazler, R. J., Bradley, C. R., et al. (2003) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2003.tb01829.x · Cited by 21
Stones, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1991) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00727650 · Cited by 21
Self-citationLong- and short-term affective states in happiness: Age and sex comparisons
Kozma, A., Fazio, R. D., Stones, M. J., et al. (1992) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00303851 · Cited by 21
Self-citationLooking Back at Life and Its Influence on Subjective Well-Being
Peck, M. D. (2001) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1300/j083v35n02_02 · Cited by 22
“…of well-being, quality of life, life satisfaction, happiness and morale are concepts that have been used to represent a positive life evaluation (Andrews & Withey, 1976; Bradbum, 1969; Bush, 1984; Diener, 1984; Kozma & Stones, 1980; LaMon, 1972; Michalos, 1985; Neugarten, Havighurst & Tobin, 1961).”
MethodHan, B., Yan, B., Zhao, N., et al. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.788996 · Cited by 20
“Subjective well-being is evaluated by the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) scale (Kozma & Stones, 1980).”
MethodStones, M. J., Kozma, A., McNeil, K., & Worobetz, S. (2011) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980811000365 · Cited by 26
“The battery included the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH; Kozma & Stones, 1980 ), the Memorial University Activities Inventory (MUNAI; Stones & Kozma, 1986a ), and the Memorial University Mood Scale (MUMS; McNeil, Stones, Kozma, & Andres, 1994 ).”
MethodSelf-citationValidity of the Hungarian version of the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS-HU)
Szabó, A. (2019) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.20.2019.010 · Cited by 19
“The 24-item Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH; Kozma & Stones, 1980) was originally devised for measuring happiness in elderly, but it was rarely used in the literature.”
MethodHappiness and activities in later life: A propensity formulation.
Stones, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1989) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0079827 · Cited by 20
Self-citationChen, Y., Wang, D., Chen, W., Zhao, E., Li, W., Zhu, S., & Wu, X. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22036-4 · Cited by 19
“Total score of MUNSH = (PA—NA) + (PE—NE) [40].”
Park, S., & Sok, S. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010317 · Cited by 18
Liu, Y., Ingviya, T., Sangthong, R., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060628 · Cited by 19
Zhang, Y., Luo, H., Xie, J., Meng, X., & Ye, C. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12101940 · Cited by 19
Factors influencing the impact of tourism on happiness
Carneiro, M. J., & Eusébio, C. (2019) · Anatolia · doi:10.1080/13032917.2019.1632909 · Cited by 19
“The MUNSH scale encompasses, besides five positive affect items and five negative affect items, seven items of positive experience and seven items of negative experience (Kozma & Stones, 1980).”
BackgroundPsychological Well-Being Among Three Successive Cohorts of Older American Women Who Live Alone
Burnette, D., & Mui, A. C. Y.-S. (1996) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1300/j074v08n01_08 · Cited by 19
Sen, Q., & Lei, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199830 · Cited by 18
Fengqin, D. I. N. G., & Huying, Z. H. A. O. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.01749 · Cited by 19
Gender differences in self-esteem and happiness among university students
Malik, S., & Saida (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 18
Liu, H., Gan, Q., Tan, J., Sun, X., Liu, Y., & Wan, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1235276 · Cited by 28
Investigating Health and Subjective Well-Being: Substantive Challenges
Lawton, M. P. (1984) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/5u4a-axuk-0t0m-261q · Cited by 16
The correlation coefficient and models of subjective well-being
Stones, M. J., Kozma, A., Hannah, T. E., et al. (1991) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00383732 · Cited by 16
Self-citationMeasurement of Psychological Hardiness in Adolescents
Morrissey, C., & Hannah, T. E. (1987) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1987.9914569 · Cited by 16
Overestimated relationships with subjective well-being.
Stones, M. J., Worobetz, S., & Brink, P. (2011) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0020694 · Cited by 16
Self-citationA Study on Health related Quality of Life in People Living with HIV/AIDS in Korea
신승배 (2011) · Health and Social Welfare Review · doi:10.15709/hswr.2011.31.4.424 · Cited by 15
Escala de Felicidad para Adultos (EFPA)
Moyano‐Díaz, E., Dinamarca, D., Mendoza-Llanos, R., et al. (2018) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082017000300033 · Cited by 15
Yu, J., Song, Y., Hua, D., Shi, Y., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13560 · Cited by 15
Extraversion–Emotional Stability Circumplex Traits and Subjective Well-Being
Morris, M. B., Burns, G. N., Periard, D. A., & Shoda, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9573-9 · Cited by 15
“Happiness has been usually defined as an overall affective appraisal, with a typically short temporal span (Kozma and Stones 1980).”
BackgroundKozan, H. İ. Ö., Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., & Kesici, Ş. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2019.87587 · Cited by 17
“Mutluluk kavramı, ilk çağlardan bu yana araştırılmış ve ele alınmış olsa da bu kavramla ilgili bilimsel yaklaşımların hız kazanması 1980’lerden itibaren başlamıştır (1,2,3,4).”
Yamamoto, S., Kawashima, T., Kunitake, T., et al. (2003) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08038020310016378 · Cited by 15
“In most studies, the assessment of QOL has involved four principal components: physical symptoms, health perception, psychological well-being and sociability [4, 5].”
BackgroundKloseck, M., Hobson, S. J. G., Crilly, R., et al. (2007) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/j148v26n01_01 · Cited by 15
“The SHARP is derived from the much longer Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) (Kozma & Stones, 1980).”
MethodInfluentialThe usefulness of the munsh as a measure of well-being and psychopathology
Kozma, A., Stones, M. J., & Kazarian, S. S. (1985) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00354112 · Cited by 15
“Since this scale has proven its high internal consistency and validity over a 30-year age range, across a wide variety of settings and populations (Kozma and Stones, 1980; 1983b), it was expected that this scale would retain both its predictive powers and high reliability in the present investigation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationRai, G. S., Jetten, E., Collas, D., et al. (1995) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/0167-4943(94)00620-m · Cited by 15
The Quality of Life in Aged People.
Hamashima, C. (1994) · Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene) · doi:10.1265/jjh.49.533 · Cited by 15
Li, Z., Qin, S., Zhu, Y., Zhou, Q., Yi, A., Mo, C., Gao, J., Chen, J., Wang, T., Feng, Z., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325029 · Cited by 14
“The MUNSH, developed by Kozma et al. [50], is used to assess patients’ SWB.”
Sen, K., Laheji, N., Ramamonjiarivelo, Z., Renick, C., Osborne, R., & Beauvais, B. M. (2023) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/47908 · Cited by 11
“…• Cohesive interaction (confidence and safety) Questions about social isolation and motivation, contextualized from the studies by Kozma and Stones [48], Gierveld and Tilburg [47], and Russell [49] Internal motivation to participate • Discussion about daily life experience • Level of happiness •…”
BackgroundThe Well-Being of Elderly Black Caregivers and Noncaregivers
Richardson, R., & Sistler, A. B. (1999) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1300/j083v31n01_07 · Cited by 14
How Is Gender Self‐Confidence Related to Subjective Well‐Being?
Hoffman, R. M. (2006) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling Education and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2006.tb00017.x · Cited by 14
A Multi-focus Assessment Scale for Use With Frail Elderly Populations
Coval, M., Crockett, D. J., Holliday, S., et al. (1985) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800015919 · Cited by 14
“All items were adapted from the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) (Kozma and Stones, 1980).”
MethodSears, L. E. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.7174 · Cited by 16
“A Mediation Model of Financial Stress Based on the-stressor-strain-outcome model and Lazarus' argument for the cognitive appraisal of potential stressors, income adequacy perceptions should mediate the relationship between household level finances (income and expenses) and financial strain. Empirical evidence supports…”
Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review
Maximiano‐Barreto, M. A., Leal, L. R., Pessoa, R. M. D. P., Bomfim, A. J. D. L., de Morais, D., Luchesi, B. M., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.01.004 · Cited by 14
Wang, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, F., Ge, D., & Guo, Z. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.08.014 · Cited by 13
Chen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1419942 · Cited by 13
“Numerous scales have been designed to measure subjective happiness, including single-item scales (Gurin et al., 1960; Andrews and Withey, 1976) and multi-item scales (Kozma and Stones, 1980; Kammann and Flett, 1983).”
BackgroundSerenity for African American Caregivers
Sistler, A. B., & Washington, K. S. (1999) · Social Work With Groups · doi:10.1300/j009v22n01_04 · Cited by 13
Li, H., Li, M., Peng, P., Long, Y., Ao, Y., & Bahmani, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1333510 · Cited by 13
“MUNSH is a commonly used self-rating scale of the subjective well-being of older adults, developed by Kozma and Stones (46).”
MethodPark, I.-H., Choi, I.-H., Kang, S. Y., et al. (2015) · Research in Community and Public Health Nursing · doi:10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.1.1 · Cited by 12
Trends and Challenges for the Research of Happiness in Latin America
Moyano‐Díaz, E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7203-7_5 · Cited by 12
Longitudinal variation in domain indicators of happiness
McNeil, J. K., Stones, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1986) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00302535 · Cited by 12
Self-citationMa, M., & Zhang, B. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03968-1 · Cited by 13
Revisiting happiness: Frequency versus intensity
Matus, P. W. V., Orozco, G. B. T. V., Aragón, S. R., & Loving, R. D. (2016) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.1016/j.aipprr.2016.07.002 · Cited by 11
Co-curricular activities and subjective well-being among university students
Hossan, M. R., Khan, M. H. A., & Hasan, M. T. (2021) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-021-00214-6 · Cited by 11
Stones, M. J., Kozma, A., & Hannah, T. E. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8947-7_6 · Cited by 11
Self-citationLife Events and the Elderly: A Study of Incidence, Structure, Stability, and Impact
Stones, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1984) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800004803 · Cited by 11
Self-citationLiu, Y.-Z., Lan, D., Zhou, Y., Tian, H., Xiao, J., Gan, L., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.07.041 · Cited by 11
Elgar, F. J., Worrall, G. J., & KNIGHT, J. C. (2002) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800001768 · Cited by 10
“Married clients scored better on the MUNSH (M = 7.2, SD = 11.9) than clients who were single, divorced, or widowed (M = 5.4, SD = 9.8), F(1, 235) = 4.15, p 0.05.”
MethodInfluentialThe Subjective Well-Being of Elderly Migrants in Dongguan: The Role of Residential Environment
Liu, Y., Li, J., Xiao, J., et al. (2022) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7080199 · Cited by 10
“The MUNSH is a multi-item scale which has 24 items, with total scores ranging between −24 and +24 points, and where higher scores indicate better SWB [27].”
BackgroundMore Than Flow: Revisiting the Theory of Four Channels of Flow
Teng, C., & Huang, H.-C. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Games Technology · doi:10.1155/2012/724917 · Cited by 10
“Items measuring boredom, frustration, and apathy originated from the scales of Kammann and Flett [36] and Kozma and Stones [37].”
MethodTimetables in the Divorce Process
Melichar, J. F., & Chiriboga, D. A. (1985) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352271 · Cited by 10
Quality of life cards — a novel way to measure quality of life in the elderly
Rai, G. S., Kellanda, P., Rai, S. G. S., et al. (1995) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/0167-4943(95)00665-8 · Cited by 10
Liang, J., Liu, J., Mak, Y. W., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12573 · Cited by 10
Wang, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Volz, K., & Shu, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1457022 · Cited by 10
Lewis, C. A., McCollam, P., & Joseph, S. (2001) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.2.471 · Cited by 9
“The present aim was to examine furrher the convergent validity of the DepressionHappiness Scale (13) alongside the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (5, 6), a measure of happiness for which internal reliability was .”
BackgroundEffects of Pet Visitations on Semiambulatory Nursing Home Residents: Problems in Assessment
Wallace, J. E., & Nadermann, S. (1987) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346488700600204 · Cited by 9
Factors Predicting Medicine Use in Institutionalized and Non-institutionalized Elderly
McKim, W. A., Stones, M. J., & Kozma, A. (1990) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800016068 · Cited by 9
Self-citationAssessment of Everyday Functioning in Normal and Malignant Memory Disordered Elderly
Tuokko, H. A., & Crockett, D. J. (1991) · Foundations of neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1511-7_6 · Cited by 9
A computerized adaptive testing advancing the measurement of subjective well-being
Wu, Y., Cai, Y., & Tu, D. (2019) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2019.6 · Cited by 8
“…Converse, & Rodgers, 1976), Global Happiness Scale (GHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999), Scale of Happiness of the Memorial University of Newfounland (MUNSH; Kozma & Stones, 1980), Affect Balance Scale (ABS; Bradburn, 1969) and Subjective Well-Being Scale for Chinese Citizens (SWBS-CC; Xing, 2003).”
BackgroundMcMillan, H. S. (2011) · Cited by 7
How Is Frustration Related to Online Gamer Loyalty? A Synthesis of Multiple Theories
Huang, H.-C., Liao, G., Chiu, K.-L., & Teng, C. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0023 · Cited by 8
The Concept of Happiness: A Multidimensional Scaling Investigation
Thomas, J. A., & Stock, W. A. (1988) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/b3x3-5x3t-4u9c-de7a · Cited by 8
Relação entre apoio social e bem-estar subjetivo em idosos: revisão sistemática
da Rocha, L. F. D., Oliveira, E. R., & da Mota, M. M. P. E. (2017) · Revista Brasileira em Promoção da saúde · doi:10.5020/18061230.2017.6472 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y., Liu, H., Qin, C., Xiao, J., & Wan, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054021 · Cited by 7
“Total scores range between −24 to + 24 points, where higher scores indicate better SWB [40].”
BackgroundWang, B., Jia, L., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05708-z · Cited by 7
“The Chinese version of Memorial University of Newfound-land Scale of Happiness (MUNSH; Kozma & Stones, 1980) was used to measure subjective well-being (Tang & Wang, 2009).”
Sheng, Y., Qiu, Z., He, Y., et al. (2010) · Biomedical and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0895-3988(10)60064-5 · Cited by 7
“The investigators made minor modifications to MUNSH in reference to the population investigated.”
MethodInfluentialLiu, Y., Ingviya, T., Sangthong, R., & Wan, C. (2021) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.10959 · Cited by 7
Worrall, G. J., Chaulk, P., & Briffett, E. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Views of Future Aging Among Middle-Aged, University Educated Women
Quirouette, C., & Pushkar, D. (1999) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s071498080000979x · Cited by 7
Bienestar subjetivo en jóvenes mexicanos usuarios y no usuarios de drogas
Córdova-Alcaráz, A. J., Rodríguez-Kuri, S. E., & Díaz-Negrete, D. B. (2010) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 6
Huq, M. M., Khan, A., Jahan, M. S., et al. (1970) · Journal of Life and Earth Science · doi:10.3329/jles.v2i2.7496 · Cited by 6
“To measure the psychological wellbeing the Bangla version of the MUNSH scale for Measuring happiness (Kazma and Stones 1980) was administered on the subjects.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1980-11-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 906-912
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156612002
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- happiness, scale development, older adults, test-retest reliability, cross-validation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Happiness, Humans, Psychological Tests
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