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Predicting Changes in Physical Performance in a High-Functioning Elderly Cohort: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Performance-based measures of physical performance were examined for an older cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women. Relationships between baseline physical performance and sociodemographic and health status characteristics were also examined. Three-year pattern changes in performance are described, and sociodemographic and health status predictors of change are investigated. METHODS: A cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women, aged 70-79, was identified in 1988 by subsampling from three community-based studies on the basis of physical and cognitive function. Baseline in-home assessments included tests of physical performance and measurement of sociodemographic characteristics and health status. A summary measure of physical performance was developed from tests of balance, gait, lower body strength and coordination, and manual dexterity. In-home assessments were repeated at follow-up in 1991. RESULTS: Better physical performance at baseline was more common among males, Whites, those reporting higher income and education, and those with fewer chronic conditions. In linear regression models, declines in performance were predicted by older age, lower income, higher education, relative weight and blood pressure, lower peak expiratory flow, prevalent diabetes and incident health conditions and hospitalizations during follow-up. Improvements in performance were also observed; the only significant association was with race (i.e., being Black). CONCLUSIONS: Declines in physical performance within a high-functioning cohort are predictable from sociodemographic and health status characteristics. The patterns of both decline and improvement in performance observed in this cohort suggest that older age is not uniformly associated with declines, indicating the potential for effective interventions to promote more successful aging.
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“The negative health consequences of high blood pressure (particularly systolic) have been recognized for decades, including higher death rates, the onset of cardiovascular disease, and the loss of both physical and cognitive functioning.[6][7][8][9]”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Although the interest in measuring performancebased motor functioning has increased recently [4-33], little is known about its relationship to self-report measures, and even less about the factors responsible for discrepancies between both types of measurement.”
BackgroundReligious Service Attendance and Allostatic Load Among High-Functioning Elderly
Maselko, J., Kubzansky, L., Kawachi, I., Seeman, T., & Berkman, L. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31806c7c57 · Cited by 124
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Self-citationPredictors of healthy aging in men with high life expectancies.
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“A summary measure of physical performance was created based on these five measures of physical function, and a change score was calculated (18).”
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Volpato, S., Ferrucci, L., Blaum, C. S., Ostir, G. V., Cappola, A. R., Fried, L. P., Fellin, R., & Guralnik, J. M. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.1.70 · Cited by 107
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MethodReproducibility of Performance-Based and Self-Reported Measures of Functional Status
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“(26), where the performance tests resembled the tests in our study, the observed 2-week test-retest reliability also resembled our results.”
ResultThe performance enhancement project: Improving physical performance in older persons
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“…not included in either Rowe and Kahn’s (1997) or Phelan et al.’s (2004) models of successful aging, which is interesting given that income in the MacArthur studies was found to be strongly associated with physical performance and was a significant predictor of physical decline (Seeman et al. 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-efficacy beliefs and change in cognitive performance: MacArthur studies on Successful Aging.
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“Another study that used a performance-based measure to identify a high-functioning cohort is one of the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging (Seeman et al., 1994).”
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Schmidt, J. A., Gruman, C., King, M. B., & WOLFSON, L. I. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb06894.x · Cited by 82
Differential Effects of Premorbid Physical and Emotional Health on Recovery from Acute Events
Ostir, G. V., Goodwin, J. S., Markides, K. S., Ottenbacher, K. J., Balfour, J. L., & Guralnik, J. M. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50167.x · Cited by 81
Self-citationHeiland, E. G., Welmer, A., Wang, R., Santoni, G., Angleman, S. B., Fratiglioni, L., & Qiu, C. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw076 · Cited by 82
Resnick, B. M. (2001) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826430101300207 · Cited by 80
“…in older adults (Buchner et al., 1993; Chandler, 1996; Kaplan, Strawbridge, Camacho, & Cohen, 1993; Morey, Pieper, & Cornoni-Huntley, 1998; Seeman et al., 1993; van Heuvelen, Kempen, Ormel, & Rispens, 1998), can prevent disease (osteoporosis, 287 JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH, Vol. 13 No.…”
BackgroundSchulz, A. J., Mentz, G. B., Lachance, L., Zenk, S. N., Johnson, J. L., Stokes, C., & Mandell, R. J. (2013) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.09.005 · Cited by 81
Progression of functional limitations in relation to physical activity: a life course approach
von Bonsdorff, M. B., & Rantanen, T. (2010) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1007/s11556-010-0070-9 · Cited by 79
“Prospective studies on older persons have shown that higher income and education decrease the risk for functional limitations [73, 74]; however, the results are not entirely consistent [75].”
ResultRacial similarities and differences in predictors of mobility change over eighteen months
Allman, R. M., Baker, P. S., Maisiak, R., Sims, R. V., & Roseman, J. M. (2004) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30239.x · Cited by 78
Association between Physical Fitness and Successful Aging in Taiwanese Older Adults
Lin, P.-S., Hsieh, C.-C., Cheng, H., Tseng, T.-J., & Su, S.-C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150389 · Cited by 84
“In the MacArthur studies, the maintaining of high physical performance was predicted by sociodemographic data and health status characteristics, exercise behavior, and emotional support from a social network [10,11].”
BackgroundWelmer, A., Angleman, S. B., Rydwik, E., Fratiglioni, L., & Qiu, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065815 · Cited by 81
Ng, S.-M.-S.-M. (2010) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e3181d3e90a · Cited by 79
Bohannon, R. W. (2006) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.103.5.215-222 · Cited by 77
Fear of Falling and Related Activity Restriction Among Middle-Aged African Americans
Wilson, M.-M. G., Miller, D. K., Andresen, E. M., Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, J. P., & Wolinsky, F. D. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.3.355 · Cited by 78
“Timed performance measures included five chair stands (28), usual walking speed of 3 or 4 meters (28), tandem stance with eyes closed (29), and one-leg stand (30).”
BackgroundSociodemographic Effects on the Onset and Recovery of ADL Disability among Chinese Oldest-old
Gu, D., & Zeng, Y. (2004) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2004.11.1 · Cited by 76
“Although this finding provides additional evidence to support the results reported by Ginn and Arber (1991), it differs from most others that do not focus on the oldest-old (e.g., Maddox and Clark 1992; Rogers et al. 1992; Seeman et al. 1994; Van Groenou et al. 2001).”
BackgroundResultGill, T. M., Williams, C. S., de Leon, C. F. M., & Tinetti, M. E. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00065-6 · Cited by 78
Self-citationComparison of changes in physical functioning of elderly patients with new diagnoses of cancer.
Given, C., Given, B., Azzouz, F., Stommel, M., & Kozachik, S. (2000) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200005000-00005 · Cited by 80
Sensory Impairments and Physical Disability in Aged Women Living at Home
Dargent‐Molina, P., Hays, M., & Bréart, G. (1996) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/25.3.621 · Cited by 77
Comparison of Performance-based and Self-rated Functional Capacity in Spanish Elderly
Ferrer, M., Lamarca, R., Orfila, F., & Alonso, J. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009796 · Cited by 75
“Performance measures were adapted from the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (EPESE) performance test, a short battery of tests to assess lower extremity function, which has been used widely in the United States (1, 18) and more recently in the Netherlands (19) to assess functions need…”
MethodPredictors of Mobility and Basic ADL Difficulty among Adults Aged 70 Years and Older
Clark, D. O., Stump, T. E., Hui, S. L., & Wolinsky, F. D. (1998) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826439801000402 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Seeman, T. E., Charpentier, P. A., Berkman, L. F., Tinetti, M. E., Guralnik, J. M., Albert, M., Blazer, D., & Rowe, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1994-05-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- M97-M108
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003173508
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 19.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- physical performance, successful aging, older adults, physical function decline, predictors of decline, balance, gait, lower limb strength, manual dexterity, sociodemographic factors, health status, chronic disease, diabetes mellitus, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aging, Educational Status, Postural Balance, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Forecasting, Gait, Health Status, Humans, Income, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Motor Skills, Physical Fitness, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Linear Models, White People
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