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Predicting Changes in Physical Performance in a High-Functioning Elderly Cohort: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Performance-based measures of physical performance were examined for an older cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women. Relationships between baseline physical performance and sociodemographic and health status characteristics were also examined. Three-year pattern changes in performance are described, and sociodemographic and health status predictors of change are investigated. METHODS: A cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women, aged 70-79, was identified in 1988 by subsampling from three community-based studies on the basis of physical and cognitive function. Baseline in-home assessments included tests of physical performance and measurement of sociodemographic characteristics and health status. A summary measure of physical performance was developed from tests of balance, gait, lower body strength and coordination, and manual dexterity. In-home assessments were repeated at follow-up in 1991. RESULTS: Better physical performance at baseline was more common among males, Whites, those reporting higher income and education, and those with fewer chronic conditions. In linear regression models, declines in performance were predicted by older age, lower income, higher education, relative weight and blood pressure, lower peak expiratory flow, prevalent diabetes and incident health conditions and hospitalizations during follow-up. Improvements in performance were also observed; the only significant association was with race (i.e., being Black). CONCLUSIONS: Declines in physical performance within a high-functioning cohort are predictable from sociodemographic and health status characteristics. The patterns of both decline and improvement in performance observed in this cohort suggest that older age is not uniformly associated with declines, indicating the potential for effective interventions to promote more successful aging.
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“The negative health consequences of high blood pressure (particularly systolic) have been recognized for decades, including higher death rates, the onset of cardiovascular disease, and the loss of both physical and cognitive functioning.[6][7][8][9]”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
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BackgroundShen, S., Abe, T., Tsuji, T., Fujii, K., Ma, J., & Okura, T. (2017) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.29.1561 · Cited by 15
Laukkanen, P., Heikkinen, E. M., Schroll, M., & Kauppinen, M. (1997) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03341828 · Cited by 14
The Effect of Implicit Stereotypes on the Physical Performance of Older Adults
Moriello, G., Cotter, J. J., Shook, N., Dodd‐McCue, D., & Welleford, E. A. (2013) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2012.704241 · Cited by 13
“Age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, education, and social support are all factors which have been found to predict changes in physical performance in community dwelling older adults (Seeman et al., 1994; Sibbritt, Byles, & Regan, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialWallsten, S. M., Bintrim, K., Denman, D. W., Parrish, J. M., & Hughes, G. (2006) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464805284562 · Cited by 13
“Physical Performance Measures From the National Institute on Aging’s Established Populations for Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) and an EPESE Substudy, the MacArthur Research Network on Successful Aging (Seeman et al., 1994) The tests selected for the TC study focused on balance, strength, and gait.”
MethodInfluentialTrevisan, C., Rizzuto, D., Ek, S., Maggi, S., Sergi, G., Fratiglioni, L., & Welmer, A. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.11.013 · Cited by 14
Educational Differences in Decline in Maximum Gait Speed in Older Adults Over an 11-Year Follow-up
Kyrönlahti, S. M., Stenholm, S., Raitanen, J. A., Neupane, S., Koskinen, S. V. P., & Tiainen, K. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa196 · Cited by 13
“On the other hand, longitudinal studies have produced conflicting results on the association between SES and mobility decline, as some studies suggest that SES differences persist or widen over time (8,12,13) while others indicate that disparities decline with ageing (6,14,15).”
ResultEvaluation of continuous summary physical performance scores (CSPPS) in an elderly cohort
Nieves, J. W., Zion, M., Pahor, M., Bernabei, R., Gussekloo, J., Simon, H., Park, J.-S., Li, T. M. W. Y., Lapuerta, P., & Williams, G. R. (2005) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324596 · Cited by 12
Leisure‐time physical activities for community older people with chronic diseases
Lin, Y., Huang, L., Yeh, M. C., & Tai, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02877.x · Cited by 11
Discriminating Characteristics of Community-Dwelling Elderly at High and Low Risk for Frailty
Ho, L. S., Williams, H. G., & Hardwick, E. A. W. (2002) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.10.4.413 · Cited by 13
“Seeman et al. (1994) found that higher scores on measures of physical performance were associated with better self-rated health and fewer chronic conditions related to cardiovascular status.”
BackgroundAli, N. A. M., Granger, C. L., Denehy, L., Royse, A. G., Royse, C. F., Clarke, S., & El‐Ansary, D. (2018) · Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal · doi:10.1097/cpt.0000000000000070 · Cited by 11
“Yet, in comparison, a recent systemic review reported that the SPPB has a low floor effect (0%–7% patients achieving the lowest score) and low ceiling effect (2%–16% scoring the highest score of 12 points) in older community-dwelling adult patients.(14,28,36,51,52) A possible explanation of the discrepant results we f…”
BackgroundResultLaganà, L., & Zarankin, K. (2010) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-10-10 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, the income result confirms prior empirical evidence showing that declines in physical performance are significantly associated with lower income in relatively high-functioning older men and women [46].”
ResultTorstveit, A. H., Løyland, B., Grov, E. K., Guren, M. G., Paul, S. M., Ritchie, C. S., Vistad, I., Miaskowski, C. A., & Utne, I. (2021) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000964 · Cited by 11
The clinically meaningful change in physical performance scores in an elderly cohort
Nieves, J. W., Li, T. M. W. Y., Zion, M., Gussekloo, J., Pahor, M., Bernabei, R., Simon, H., Williams, G. R., & Lapuerta, P. (2007) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324735 · Cited by 11
Reicherz, A., Brach, M., Cerny, J., et al. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-011-0169-2 · Cited by 11
“In this context, the ILOAS and the MOTA were not used as references, because they test the transfer abilities separate from one another or do not include the lying-to-sitting transfer [1, 14].”
MethodMarengoni, A. (2008) · Figshare · Cited by 11
Chodosh, J., Buckwalter, J. G., Blazer, D. G., & Seeman, T. E. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200401000-00010 · Cited by 11
Self-citationLongitudinal Associations Between Optimism and Objective Measures of Physical Functioning in Women
Koga, H. K., Grodstein, F., Williams, D. R., Manson, J. E., Tindle, H. A., Shadyab, A. H., Michael, Y. L., Saquib, N., Naughton, M. J., Guimond, A., et al. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5068 · Cited by 11
Optimal Cutoffs of Grip Strength for Definition as Weakness in the Elderly
Dong, R., Guo, Q., & Wang, J. (2014) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2014.29003 · Cited by 10
“4 or 6 meters a self-selected speed [5].”
BackgroundBarriers to Exercise Scale for Chinese Older Adults
Chou, K., Macfarlane, D. J., Chi, I., et al. (2008) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0b013e31818ccfd1 · Cited by 10
“47 We assessed whether selfefficacy mediated the impact of CBE on the amount of exercise respondents engaged in by verifying, after controlling for the sociodemographic variables and health indicator variables, that (1) there was a significant association between CBE and self-efficacy (condition 1), (2) there was a si…”
BackgroundNoppert, G. A., Brown, C. S., Chanti‐Ketterl, M., Hall, K. S. M., Newby, L. K., Cohen, H. J., & Morey, M. C. (2018) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721418794021 · Cited by 10
“These results show SES disparities in gait speed, aerobic endurance, and lower body strength, which is consistent with previous work documenting SES disparities in physical function and disability (Britton, Shipley, Singh-Manoux, & Marmot, 2008; Haas & Rohlfsen, 2010; Haas, Krueger, & Rohlfsen, 2012; Louie & Ward, 201…”
BackgroundResultWelmer, A., Wang, R., Rizzuto, D., Ek, S., Vetrano, D. L., & Qiu, C. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111038 · Cited by 12
Relative Testosterone Deficiency in Older Men: Clinical Definition and Presentation
Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2005) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2005.07.003 · Cited by 10
“These declines also are not universal [71], suggesting the possibility that selective preventative strategies are feasible.”
BackgroundToward successful aging: The Chinese Health Criteria for the Elderly
Zhou, B., Liu, X., & Yu, P. (2018) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12028 · Cited by 9
“Although the close association between self‐efficacy and mental function is clear, their causal relationship remains to be resolved.(19,20) The authors recommended intervention studies in future research to test the theories in order to enhance the proportion of the population aging successfully.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Seeman, T. E., Charpentier, P. A., Berkman, L. F., Tinetti, M. E., Guralnik, J. M., Albert, M., Blazer, D., & Rowe, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1994-05-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- M97-M108
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003173508
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 19.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- physical performance, successful aging, older adults, physical function decline, predictors of decline, balance, gait, lower limb strength, manual dexterity, sociodemographic factors, health status, chronic disease, diabetes mellitus, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aging, Educational Status, Postural Balance, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Forecasting, Gait, Health Status, Humans, Income, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Motor Skills, Physical Fitness, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Linear Models, White People
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