The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Practices to Address Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Open accessAbstract
Background and Objectives: To draw from systematic and other literature reviews to identify, describe, and critique nonpharmacological practices to address behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) and provide evidence-based recommendations for dementia care especially useful for potential adopters. Research Design and Methods: A search of systematic and other literature reviews published from January 2010 through January 2017. Nonpharmacological practices were summarized to describe the overall conceptual basis related to effectiveness, the practice itself, and the size and main conclusions of the evidence base. Each practice was also critically reviewed to determine acceptability, harmful effects, elements of effectiveness, and level of investment required, based on time needed for training/implementation, specialized care provider requirements, and equipment/capital requirements. Results: Nonpharmacological practices to address BPSDs include sensory practices (aromatherapy, massage, multi-sensory stimulation, bright light therapy), psychosocial practices (validation therapy, reminiscence therapy, music therapy, pet therapy, meaningful activities), and structured care protocols (bathing, mouth care). Most practices are acceptable, have no harmful effects, and require minimal to moderate investment. Discussion and Implications: Nonpharmacological practices are person-centered, and their selection can be informed by considering the cause and meaning of the individual's behavioral and psychological symptoms. Family caregivers and paid care providers can implement evidence-based practices in home or residential care settings, although some practices require the development of more specific protocols if they are to become widely used in an efficacious manner.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
9 Dementia reconsidered: the person comes first
Kitwood, T. (2011) · Adult lives · doi:10.56687/9781447300458-013 · Cited by 3,103
Continuity of care: a multidisciplinary review
Haggerty, J. L., Reid, R. J., Freeman, G. K., Starfield, B. H., Adair, C. E., & McKendry, R. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7425.1219 · Cited by 2,374
Ecology and the aging process.
Lawton, M. P., & Nahemow, L. (1973) · The psychology of adult development and aging. · doi:10.1037/10044-020 · Cited by 2,191
Doody, R. S., Stevens, J. C., Beck, C., Dubinsky, R. M., Kaye, J. A., Gwyther, L., Mohs, R. C., Thal, L. J., Whitehouse, P. J., DeKosky, S. T., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1154 · Cited by 1,720
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00073 · Cited by 1,425
Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
Kales, H. C., Gitlin, L. N., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h369 · Cited by 1,247 · cited 4×
“…short-term reduction of a range of BPSDs, including anxiety, agitation, and apathy (Cammisuli et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2015; Gómez-Romero et al., 2017; Kales et al., 2015; Konno, Kang, & Makimoto, 2014; Livingston et al., 2014; Millán-Calenti et al., 2016; Strøm et al., 2016; Ueda et al., 2013).”
InfluentialPharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia: A Review of the Evidence
Sink, K. M., Holden, K. F., & Yaffe, K. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.596 · Cited by 910
Reminiscence therapy for dementia
Woods, B., O'Philbin, L., Farrell, E. M., Spector, A. E., & Orrell, M. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001120.pub3 · Cited by 782
Point and 5‐year period prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study
Steinberg, M., Shao, H., Zandi, P., Lyketsos, C. G., Welsh‐Bohmer, K. A., Norton, M. C., Breitner, J. C. S., Steffens, D. C., & Tschanz, J. T. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1858 · Cited by 780
Cited by
By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15767 · Cited by 3,163
Zucchella, C., Sinforiani, E., Tamburin, S., Federico, A., Mantovani, E., Bernini, S., Casale, R., & Bartolo, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01058 · Cited by 297
“Whether art therapy can be useful and may represent an effective rehabilitative strategy for people suffering from dementia is a debated issue (110, 228).”
BackgroundResultManagement of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Bessey, L. J., & Walaszek, A. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1049-5 · Cited by 288
Na, R., Yang, J.-H., Yeom, Y., Kim, Y. J., Byun, S., Kim, K., & Kim, K. W. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.02.11.2 · Cited by 70
Cho, E., Kim, S., Heo, S.-J., Shin, J., Hwang, S., Kwon, E., Lee, S., Kim, S., & Kang, B. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35194-5 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Scales, K., Zimmerman, S., & Miller, S. J.
- Venue
- The Gerontologist
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-01-18
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- suppl_1
- Pages
- S88-S102
- ISSN
- 0016-9013 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5341
- OpenAlex
- W2793539834
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 99
- FWCI
- 18.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Practices to Address Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/geront/gnx167
- The paper
- Scales, K., Zimmerman, S., & Miller, S. J. (2018). Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Practices to Address Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. The Gerontologist. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx167
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
