To share or not to share data: how valid are trials evaluating first-line ovulation induction for polycystic ovary syndrome?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In our recent individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of first-line ovulation induction for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), IPD were only available from 20 studies of 53 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We noticed that the summary effect sizes of meta-analyses of RCTs without IPD sharing were different from those of RCTs with IPD sharing. Granting access to IPD for secondary analysis has implications for promoting fair and transparent conduct of RCTs. It is, however, still common for authors to choose to withhold IPD, limiting the impact of and confidence in the results of RCTs and systematic reviews based on aggregate data. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: We performed a meta-epidemiologic study to elucidate if RCTs without IPD sharing have lower quality and more methodological issues than those with IPD sharing in an IPD meta-analysis evaluating first-line ovulation induction for PCOS. SEARCH METHODS: We included RCTs identified for the IPD meta-analysis. We dichotomized RCTs according to whether they provided IPD (shared group) or not (non-shared group) in the IPD meta-analysis. We restricted RCTs to full-text published trials written in English. We assessed and compared RCTs in the shared and non-shared groups on the following criteria: Risk of Bias (RoB 2.0), GRADE approach, adequacy of trial registration; description of statistical methods and reproducibility of univariable statistical analysis; excessive similarity or difference in baseline characteristics that is not compatible with chance; and other miscellaneous methodological issues. OUTCOMES: In total, 45 trials (8697 women) were included in this study. IPD were available from 17 RCTs and 28 trials were categorized as the non-shared IPD group. Pooled risk rates obtained from the shared and non-shared groups were different. Overall low risk of bias was associated with 13/17 (76%) of shared RCTs versus 7/28 (25%) of non-shared RCTs. For RCTs that started recruitment after 1 July 2005, adequate trial registration was found in 3/9 (33%) of shared IPD RCTs versus 0/16 (0%) in non-shared RCTs. In total, 7/17 (41%) of shared RCTs and 19/28 (68%) of non-shared RCTs had issues with the statistical methods described. The median (range) of inconsistency rate per study, between reported and reproduced analyses for baseline variables, was 0% (0–92%) (6 RCTs applicable) in the shared group and 54% (0–100%) (13 RCTs applicable) in the non-shared group. The median (range) of inconsistency rate of univariable statistical results for the outcome(s) per study was 0% (0–63%) (14 RCTs applicable) in the shared group and 44% (0–100%) (24 RCTs applicable) in the non-shared group. The distributions of simulation-generated P-values from comparisons of baseline continuous variables between intervention and control arms suggested that RCTs in the shared group are likely to be consistent with properly conducted randomization (P = 0.163), whereas this was not the case for the RCTs in the non-shared group (P = 4.535 × 10−8). WIDER IMPLICATIONS: IPD meta-analysis on evaluating first-line ovulation induction for PCOS preserves validity and generates more accurate estimates of risk than meta-analyses using aggregate data, which enables more transparent assessments of benefits and risks. The availability of IPD and the willingness to share these data may be a good indicator of quality, methodological soundness and integrity of RCTs when they are being considered for inclusion in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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The availability of participant data and the willingness to share these data may be a good indicator of quality, methodological soundness and integrity of RCTs.
“The availability of participant data and the willingness to share these data may be a good indicator of quality, methodological soundness and integrity of RCTs [23, 24].”
From Checklist to assess Trustworthiness in RAndomised Controlled Trials (TRACT checklist): concept proposal and pilot (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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Self-citationYang, H.-J., Zhang, D., Hao, Y., Xu, H.-L., Li, Y.-Z., Zhang, S., Li, X., Gong, T., & Wu, Q. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020446 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
‘And Then There Were None’—the shrinkage of trials in the evidence ecosystem
Wang, R. (2025) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaf064 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationLai, S., Mol, B. W., Siristatidis, C. S., Papapanou, M., Li, W., & van Wely, M. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015707
Self-citationMol, B. W., Lai, S., Rahim, A., Bordewijk, E. M., Wang, R., van EEKELEN, R., Gurrin, L. C., Thornton, J. G., van Wely, M., & Li, W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26593376
Self-citationZou, H., Abdallah, K. S., Wirleitner, B., Hong, K. H., Thanaboonyawat, I., Laokirkkiat, P., Hafezi, M., Kokeguchi, S., Makhlouf, A., Libesman, S., et al. (2026) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmag009
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Bordewijk, E. M., Wang, R., van Wely, M., Costello, M. F., Norman, R. J., Teede, H., Gurrin, L. C., Mol, B. W., & Li, W.
- Affiliations
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Monash University (AU)
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Wentao
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Reproduction Update
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-09-16
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 929-941
- ISSN
- 1355-4786 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2369
- OpenAlex
- W3087491092
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Human Reproduction Update (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- NHMRC
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Research Data Management Practices
- Keywords
- data sharing, individual patient data, ovulation induction, polycystic ovary syndrome, first-line therapy, risk of bias, clinical trial registration, methodological quality of trials, meta-epidemiology, reproducibility, secondary analysis, clinical trial transparency, infertility treatment outcomes, ovulation rate, live birth rate, miscarriage rate, pregnancy rate
- MeSH terms
- Data Accuracy, Adult, Birth Rate, Clomiphene, Female, Fertility Agents, Female, Humans, Infertility, Female, Ovulation Induction, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Information Dissemination, Young Adult
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