The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This paper discusses appropriate strategies for multivariate data analysis in epidemiological studies. METHODS: In studies where determinants of disease are sought, it is suggested that the complex hierarchical inter-relationships between these determinants are best managed through the use of conceptual frameworks. Failure to take these aspects into consideration is common in the epidemiological literature and leads to underestimation of the effects of distal determinants. RESULTS: An example of this analytical approach, which is not based purely on statistical associations, is given for assessing determinants of mortality due to diarrhoea in children. CONCLUSIONS: Conceptual frameworks provide guidance for the use of multivariate techniques and aid the interpretation of their results in the light of social and biological knowledge.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Process evaluation in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions
Oakley, A., Strange, V., Bonell, C., Allen, E., & Stephenson, J. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7538.413 · Cited by 1,247
Estimated deaths attributable to social factors in the United States
Galea, S., Tracy, M., Hoggatt, K. J., DiMaggio, C., & Karpati, A. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.300086 · Cited by 606
Assisted reproductive technology
Silva, S. G. D., Bertoldi, A. D., Silveira, M. F. D., Domingues, M. R., Evenson, K. R., & Santos, I. S. D. (2019) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053000737 · Cited by 513
The Role of Perceived Personal Barriers to Engagement in Leisure-Time Physical Activity
Reichert, F. F., Barros, A. J. D., Domingues, M. R., & Hallal, P. C. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.070144 · Cited by 507
The impact of maternal depression in pregnancy on early child development
Deave, T., Heron, J., Evans, J., & Emond, A. (2008) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01752.x · Cited by 479
Metadata
- Authors
- Victora, C. G., Huttly, S. R., Fuchs, S. C., & Olinto, M. T.
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-02-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 224-227
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2127625194
- Cited by
- 2,402
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 17.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/ije/26.1.224
- The paper
- Victora, C. G., Huttly, S. R., Fuchs, S. C., & Olinto, M. T. (1997). The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. International Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.1.224
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
