The DOI matches its Crossref record; 157 of the 157 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health
Abstract
BACKGROUND: High levels of dietary sodium (consumed as common salt, sodium chloride) are associated with raised blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular health. Despite this, public health efforts to reduce sodium consumption remain limited to a few countries. Comprehensive, contemporaneous sodium intake data from around the world are needed to inform national/international public health initiatives to reduce sodium consumption. METHODS: Use of standardized 24-h sodium excretion estimates for adults from the international INTERSALT (1985-87) and INTERMAP (1996-99) studies, and recent dietary and urinary sodium data from observational or interventional studies--identified by a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed and 'grey' literature--presented separately for adults and children. Review of methods for the estimation of sodium intake/excretion. Main food sources of sodium are presented for several Asian, European and Northern American countries, including previously unpublished INTERMAP data. RESULTS: Sodium intakes around the world are well in excess of physiological need (i.e. 10-20 mmol/day). Most adult populations have mean sodium intakes >100 mmol/day, and for many (particularly the Asian countries) mean intakes are >200 mmol/day. Possible exceptions include estimates from Cameroon, Ghana, Samoa, Spain, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda and Venezuela, though methodologies were sub-optimal and samples were not nationally representative. Sodium intakes were commonly >100 mmol/day in children over 5 years old, and increased with age. In European and Northern American countries, sodium intake is dominated by sodium added in manufactured foods ( approximately 75% of intake). Cereals and baked goods were the single largest contributor to dietary sodium intake in UK and US adults. In Japan and China, salt added at home (in cooking and at the table) and soy sauce were the largest sources. CONCLUSIONS: Unfavourably high sodium intakes remain prevalent around the world. Sources of dietary sodium vary largely worldwide. If policies for salt reduction at the population level are to be effective, policy development and implementation needs to target the main source of dietary sodium in the various populations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In Asian countries, most sodium is from soy sauce or is added at home.158”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“In North America and Europe, 75% of sodium intake is derived from packaged, preprepared, or restaurant foods, with the rest being naturally occurring or added at home.158”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“In North America and Europe, most sodium (~75%) comes from packaged foods and restaurants, and little from home cooking or table salt; while in Asian countries, most sodium comes from soy sauce and salt added during cooking or at the table.302”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [302]
Citations
Cites
Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., Obarzanek, E., Conlin, P. R., Miller, E. R., Simons-Morton, D. G., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440101 · Cited by 5,638
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases
Joint, W. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,890
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
C., N. H. (1955) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/587237 · Cited by 3,663
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases
Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ôunpuu, S., & Anand, S. S. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4601.099487 · Cited by 3,014
Ludwig, D. S., Peterson, K. E., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04041-1 · Cited by 2,414
McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods
England, P. H. (2002) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849735551 · Cited by 2,209
The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
(2003) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00127-6 · Cited by 1,803
Rose, G. A., Stamler, J., Stamler, R., Elliott, P., Marmot, M. G., Pyörälä, K., Kesteloot, H., Joossens, J. V., Hansson, L. ‐., Mancia, G., et al. (1988) · Cited by 1,281
Self-citationWhelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Espeland, M. A., Applegate, W. B., Ettinger, Jr., Kostis, J. B., Kumanyika, S., Lacy, C. R., Johnson, K. C., Folmar, S., et al. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.839 · Cited by 1,200
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- 1962, 3, 313
- Froment, 1979, Revue d' pid miologie et de sant publique, 27, 437
- Rose, 1989, Journal of human hypertension, 3, 283
- 1964, 19, 735
- 1987, NUTR ABSTR REV A HUM EXP, 57, 705
- Baldwin, 1960, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 55, 362
- 1998, SCAND J NUTR, 42, 13
- Wu, 1991, Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hs eh k'o hs eh tsa chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 6, 148
- 1980, Hypertension, 2, 78, 10.1161/01.HYP.2.4.78 · DOI
- 1998, RIV PEDIATR PREV SOC, 38, 59
- 1980, Hypertension, 2, 93, 10.1161/01.HYP.2.4.93 · DOI
- 2003, ADV DATA VITAL HEALTH STAT, 334, 1
- Heino, 2000, Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 89, 406, 10.1080/080352500750028096 · DOI
- Joshi, 2003, Indian pediatrics, 40, 24
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216
“sodium comes from soy sauce and salt added during cooking or at the table.(302) Nearly every country in the world exceeds the recommended mean national intake of 2000 mg/d.”
Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells
Kleinewietfeld, M., Manzel, A., Titze, J., Kvakan, H., Yosef, N., Linker, R. A., Muller, D. N., & Hafler, D. A. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11868 · Cited by 1,394
Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Policies for Better Health and Quality of Care
OECD (2015) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/9789264233010-en · Cited by 1,388
Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Aburto, N. J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F. P., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1326 · Cited by 1,242
Self-citationBiomarkers of Nutrition for Development—Folate Review
Bailey, L. B., Stover, P. J., McNulty, H., Fenech, M. F., Gregory, J. F., Mills, J. L., Pfeiffer, C. M., Fazili, Z., Zhang, M., Ueland, P. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.206599 · Cited by 1,170
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, I. J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., & Elliott, P.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Elliott, P.
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-04-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 791-813
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2154301407
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 46.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- sodium intake, salt reduction, sodium excretion, INTERSALT, INTERMAP, sodium sources, processed foods, soy sauce, blood pressure, cardiovascular health, salt reduction policy, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Cooking, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Hypertension, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Global Health, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
