Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: To estimate global, regional (21 regions) and national (187 countries) sodium intakes in adults in 1990 and 2010. Design: Bayesian hierarchical modelling using all identifiable primary sources. Data sources and eligibility: We searched and obtained published and unpublished data from 142 surveys of 24 h urinary sodium and 103 of dietary sodium conducted between 1980 and 2010 across 66 countries. Dietary estimates were converted to urine equivalents based on 79 pairs of dual measurements. Modelling methods: Bayesian hierarchical modelling used survey data and their characteristics to estimate mean sodium intake, by sex, 5 years age group and associated uncertainty for persons aged 20+ in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010. Country-level covariates were national income/person and composition of food supplies. Main outcome measures: Mean sodium intake (g/day) as estimable by 24 h urine collections, without adjustment for non-urinary losses. Results: In 2010, global mean sodium intake was 3.95 g/day (95% uncertainty interval: 3.89 to 4.01). This was nearly twice the WHO recommended limit of 2 g/day and equivalent to 10.06 (9.88–10.21) g/day of salt. Intake in men was ∼10% higher than in women; differences by age were small. Intakes were highest in East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe (mean >4.2 g/day) and in Central Europe and Middle East/North Africa (3.9–4.2 g/day). Regional mean intakes in North America, Western Europe and Australia/New Zealand ranged from 3.4 to 3.8 g/day. Intakes were lower (<3.3 g/day), but more uncertain, in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Between 1990 and 2010, modest, but uncertain, increases in sodium intakes were identified. Conclusions: Sodium intakes exceed the recommended levels in almost all countries with small differences by age and sex. Virtually all populations would benefit from sodium reduction, supported by enhanced surveillance.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nearly every country in the world exceeds the recommended mean national intake of 2000 mg/d.
“Nearly every country in the world exceeds the recommended mean national intake of 2000 mg/d.303”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [303]
The observed diversity of diets within and across individuals, generations, cultures, and populations further belies a particular biologic preference for food.
“The observed diversity of diets within and across individuals, generations, cultures, and populations further belies a particular biologic preference for food.4, 346, 392-394”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [393]
The observed diversity of diets within and across individuals, generations, cultures, and populations further belies a particular biologic preference for food.
“The observed diversity of diets within and across individuals, generations, cultures, and populations further belies a particular biologic preference for food.4, 346, 392-394”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [392]
These prior pooling projects pooled individual-level data across multiple prospective studies, together totaling 99 cohorts, 1.38 million participants, and 65,000 cardiovascular events, with consistent adjustment for confounders and accounting for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of blood pressure over time.
“These studies pooled individual level data across multiple prospective studies, together totaling 99 cohorts, 1.38 million participants, and 65,000 cardiovascular events; with consistent adjustment for confounders and accounting for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of BP over time.”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
The dose-response relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality has been established in prior pooling projects including the Prospective Studies Collaborative and the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaborative.
“The dose-response relationship between BP and CVD mortality has been established in prior pooling projects including the Prospective Studies Collaborative and the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaborative.14,15”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
These analyses demonstrate a clear log-linear (proportional) dose-response relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular disease at any age.
“These analyses demonstrate a clear log-linear (proportional) dose-response relationship between BP and CVD at any age (Figure S3).”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
The effects of systolic blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality were quantified by combining results from two large international pooling projects that pooled individual-level data, consistently adjusted for confounding, and accounted for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of blood pressure over time.
“We quantified the effects of systolic blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality by combining the results from two large international pooling projects 14,15 which pooled individual-level data, consistently adjusted for confounding, and accounted for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of blood pressure over time.16”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
The effects of systolic blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality were quantified by combining the results from two large international pooling projects that pooled individual-level data, consistently adjusted for confounding, and accounted for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of blood pressure over time.
“We quantified the effects of systolic blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality by combining the results from two large international pooling projects14,15 which pooled individual-level data, consistently adjusted for confounding, and accounted for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of blood pressure over time.16”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008
Ferlay, J., Shin, H.-R., Bray, F., Forman, D., Mathers, C., & Parkin, D. M. (2010) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.25516 · Cited by 22,207 · see citing works
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · see citing works
Self-citationSacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., Obarzanek, E., Conlin, P. R., Miller, E. R., Simons-Morton, D. G., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440101 · Cited by 5,638 · see citing works
Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective
Marmot, M. G., Atinmo, T., Byers, T., Chen, J., Hirohata, T., Jackson, A., James, W., Kolonel, L. N., Kumanyika, S., Leitzmann, C., et al. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5024 · Cited by 5,365 · see citing works
Who, J., & Diet, N. F. E. C. O. (2003) · World Health Organization eBooks · Cited by 3,425 · see citing works
AGE STANDARDIZATION OF RATES: A NEW WHO STANDARD
Ahmad, O. B., Boschi-Pinto, C., López, A. D., Murray, C. J. L., Lozano, R., & Inoue, M. (2000) · Cited by 1,793 · see citing works
Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., Lincoln, P., & Casswell, S. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62089-3 · Cited by 1,663 · see citing works
He, F. J., Li, J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1325 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
Rose, G. A., Stamler, J., Stamler, R., Elliott, P., Marmot, M. G., Pyörälä, K., Kesteloot, H., Joossens, J. V., Hansson, L. ‐., Mancia, G., et al. (1988) · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease
Bibbins-Domingo, K., Chertow, G. M., Coxson, P. G., Moran, A., Lightwood, J. M., Pletcher, M. J., & Goldman, L. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907355 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Aburto, N. J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F. P., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1326 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health
Brown, I. J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., & Elliott, P. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp139 · Cited by 1,173 · cited 2× · see citing works
“of the countries.(12) This has made it difficult to quantify global, regional or national levels of dietary sodium and the corresponding preventable disease burdens.”
BackgroundHe, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.144 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Subar, A. F. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg092 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Stamler, R., Nissinen, A. M., Uusitalo, U. M., Rose, G., Pietinen, P., & Stamler, J. (1988) · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
THE DECLINE IN GASTRIC CANCER: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN UNPLANNED TRIUMPH
HOWSON, C. P., HIYAMA, T., & WYNDER, E. L. (1986) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036288 · Cited by 829 · cited 1× · see citing works
“time frames longer than that covered in our study, consistent with changes in traditional methods of food preservation made possible by widespread refrigeration.(35) Conversely, recent increased global consumption of highly processed foods(36) may be countering or even”
Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2010) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.12.006 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Asaria, P., Chisholm, D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., & Beaglehole, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61698-5 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Self-citationWhelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, C. A. M., Antman, E. M., Campbell, N., Dunbar, S. B., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Jessup, M., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318279acbf · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Day, N. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.2.309 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets
Holbrook, J. T., Patterson, K. Y., Bodner, J. E., Douglas, L. W., Veillon, C., Kelsay, J., Mertz, W., & Smith, J. (1984) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/40.4.786 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Long-term reduction in dietary sodium alters the taste of salt
Beauchamp, G., & Engelman, K. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1134 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
The “Million Hearts” Initiative — Preventing Heart Attacks and Strokes
Frieden, T. R., & Berwick, D. M. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1110421 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence
Strom, B. L., Yaktine, A. L., Oria, M. P., & Nutrition Board (2013) · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Bingham, S. A., & Cummings, J. H. (1983) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0640629 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce dietary salt intake
Cobiac, L. J., Vos, T., & Veerman, L. J. (2010) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.199240 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population
Laatikainen, T., Pietinen, P., Valsta, L., Sundvall, J., Reinivuo, H., & Tuomilehto, J. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602406 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Kurlansky, M. J. (2002) · CORE Scholar (Wright State University) · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Micha, R., Kalantarian, S., Wirojratana, P., Byers, T., Danaei, G., Elmadfa, I., Ding, E., Giovannucci, E., Powles, J., Smith-Warner, S., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.147 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationDeveloping a comprehensive time series of GDP per capita for 210 countries from 1950 to 2015
James, S. L., Gubbins, P., Murray, C. J. L., & Gakidou, E. E. (2012) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-12 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Commentary: Dietary diaries versus food frequency questionnaires—a case of undigestible data
Willett, W. C. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.2.317 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The measurement of sodium and potassium intake
Caggiula, A. W., Wing, R. R., Nowalk, M. P., Milas, N. C., Lee, S., & Langford, H. G. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.3.391 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mickelsen, O., Makdani, D. D., Gill, J. L., & Frank, R. (1977) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/30.12.2033 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sodium and potassium intake measurements: dietary methodology problems
Clark, A., & Mossholder, S. (1986) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.3.470 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Polónia, J. J., & Martins, L. (2009) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.64 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Projected Effect of Dietary Salt Reductions on Future Cardiovascular Disease
Bibbins-Domingo, K. B., Chertow, G. M., Coxson, P. G., Moran, A. E., Lightwood, J. M., Pletcher, M. J., & Goldman, L. (2010) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0b013e3181e5f253 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Epidemiological Studies on Hypertension in Northeast Japan
Sasaki, N. (1980) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8893-4_22 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Arterial Blood Pressure in Portugal
Miguel, J. P., & de Pádua, F. (1980) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8893-4_10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [21]Holbrook JT Patterson KY Bodner JE Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 786– 93 6486085
- [27]World Health Organization WHO Guideline: sodium intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012 23658998
- [37]Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly Follow-up to the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases (Agenda Item 13, A66/A/CONF./1 Rev.1) Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2013
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000757 · Cited by 9,175 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036 · see citing works
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Vos, T., Barber, R. M., Bell, B., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Biryukov, S., Bolliger, I., Charlson, F., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dicker, D., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 · Cited by 6,414 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001123 · Cited by 8,300 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Alonso, A., Beaton, A. Z., Bittencourt, M. S., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., Carson, A. P., Commodore-Mensah, Y., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001052 · Cited by 5,987 · see citing works
Zhou, B., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bixby, H., Danaei, G., Cowan, M. J., Paciorek, C. J., Singh, G., Hajifathalian, K., Bennett, J. E., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31919-5 · Cited by 2,579 · see citing works
Self-citationMozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Mozaffarian, D., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Engell, R. E., Lim, S., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., & Powles, J. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1304127 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of microplastics in table salt, drinking water, and air: direct human exposure
Zhang, Q., Xu, E. G., Li, J., Chen, Q., Ma, L., Zeng, E. Y., & Shi, H. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b04535 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events
O'Donnell, M., Mente, A., Rangarajan, S., McQueen, M. J., Wang, X., Liu, L., Yan, H., Lee, S. F., Mony, P., Devanath, A., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1311889 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assessment
Imamura, F., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Fahimi, S., Shi, P., Powles, J., & Mozaffarian, D. (2015) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70381-x · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Self-citationGuidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis
Aithal, G. P., Palaniyappan, N., China, L., Härmälä, S., Macken, L., Ryan, J. M., Wilkes, E. A., Moore, K., Leithead, J. A., Hayes, P. C., et al. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321790 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Lim, S., Andrews, K. G., Engell, R. E., Ezzati, M., Mozaffarian, D., & Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE) (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124845 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
“To combine individual-level beverage intake data with country-level beverage availability data, to address issues of data incomparability, and to capture the uncertainty in estimates of beverage intake due to measurement error, sampling uncertainty, and modeling uncertainty, we used established age-integrating Bayesia…”
MethodSelf-citationSalt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
He, F. J., Tan, M., Ma, Y., & MacGregor, G. A. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.055 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Obesity and the food system transformation in <scp>Latin America</scp>
Popkin, B. M., & Reardon, T. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12694 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Anand, S. S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M. A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A. M., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationMicha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Andrews, K. G., Engell, R. E., & Mozaffarian, D. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008705 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Self-citationWhelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, C. A. M., Antman, E. M., Campbell, N., Dunbar, S. B., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Jessup, M., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318279acbf · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Kontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Rehm, J., Stevens, G. A., Shield, K. D., Bonita, R., Riley, L. M., Poznyak, V., Beaglehole, R., & Ezzati, M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60616-4 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citationGostin, L. O., Monahan, J. T., Kaldor, J., DeBartolo, M., Friedman, E. A., Gottschalk, K., Kim, S. C., Alwan, A., Binagwaho, A., Burci, G. L., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30233-8 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“231 WHO's Global Action Plan has set a target of a 30% reduction of population-level salt intake by 2025.”
BackgroundDietary salt promotes neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction through a gut-initiated TH17 response
Faraco, G., Brea, D., Garcia-Bonilla, L., Wang, G., Racchumi, G., Chang, H., Buendia, I., Santisteban, M. M., Segarra, S. G., Koizumi, K., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0059-z · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Popkin, B. M. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw064 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Kario, K., Okada, K., Kato, M., Nishizawa, M., Yoshida, T., Asano, T., Uchiyama, K., Niijima, Y., Katsuya, T., Urata, H., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.037076 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Health
O’Donnell, M., Mente, A., & Yusuf, S. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.303771 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Howe, C., Mishra, S., Lee, D. S., Mahmood, M., Piper, M., Kim, Y., Tieu, K., Byun, H.-S., Coffey, J. P., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719573115 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Charlton, K., Webster, J., & Kowal, P. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6093672 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Latest hypertension research to inform clinical practice in Asia
Kario, K., Mogi, M., & Hoshide, S. (2022) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-00874-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Frame, A. A., Puleo, F., Kim, K., Walsh, K. R., Faudoa, E., Hoover, R. S., & Wainford, R. D. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00264.2019 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Powles, J., Fahimi, S., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Ezzati, M., Engell, R. E., Lim, S. S., Danaei, G., Mozaffarian, D., & on behalf of the Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE)
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Agricultural University of Athens (GR)
- Harvard University (US)
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Powles, John
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e003733
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3884590
- OpenAlex
- W2155793865
- Cited by
- 940
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 43.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Brown University
- American University of Beirut
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- King's College London
- University of Aberdeen
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- University of Queensland
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación
- Gazi Üniversitesi
- Korea Health Industry Development Institute
- Mahidol University
- Universiteit Gent
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (R01-HD38700, R24 HD050924)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi
- Universidade de São Paulo
- Tallinna Tehnikaülikool
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève
- National Research University Higher School of Economics
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
- Harokopio University
- Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
- Helsedirektoratet
- Universitas Andalas
- Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- Robert Koch Institut
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06, R24 HD‐050924, #HD050924, 5 R24 HD050924)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Gillings School of Public Health
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (R24 HD050924, R01-HD38700, 5 R24 HD050924)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K005901/1)
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24 HD-050924, R01HD038700, R24HD041020)
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (R24HD050924, HD050924, 5 R24 HD050924)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- sodium intake, dietary salt, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, dietary surveys, sodium reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
