The epigenotype
Abstract
The adult characteristics of animals, i.e. their phenotypes, must be studied in order to reach conclusions about the genotypes, i.e. the hereditary constitutions which form the basic subject-matter of genetics. But between genotype and phenotype lies a whole complex of development processes, for which Dr Waddington proposes the name 'epigenotype.' He here describes some of the general characteristics of an epigenotype, with special reference to the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Waddington defined epigenetics as the developmental process that mediates between genotype and phenotype.
“or through the complex “developmental process that mediates between genotype and phenotype” [31]”
From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The epigenetic landscape is a platform for interaction of a variety of environmental factors with a complex genetic environment to change gene expression.
“the term epigenetic landscape is defined as a platform for the interaction of a variety of environmental factors with a complex genetic environment to change the expression of genes [29,30,31].”
From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials
Cheng, Y., He, C., Wang, M., Ma, X., Mo, F., Yang, S., Han, J., & Wei, X. (2019) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Cancer Epigenetics: Tumor Heterogeneity, Plasticity of Stem-like States, and Drug Resistance
Easwaran, H., Tsai, H.-C., & Baylin, S. B. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.015 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms
Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20568 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation of ageing: linking environmental inputs to genomic stability
Benayoun, B. A., Pollina, E. A., & Brunet, A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm4048 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Associating cellular epigenetic models with human phenotypes
Lappalainen, T., & Greally, J. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.32 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Melatonin and sirtuins: A “not-so unexpected” relationship
Mayo, J. C., Sainz, R. M., González Menéndez, P., Cepas, V., Tan, D., & Reiter, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12391 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Interplay between Epigenetics and Genetics in Cancer
Choi, J. D., & Lee, J.-S. (2013) · Genomics & Informatics · doi:10.5808/gi.2013.11.4.164 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Prenatal maternal immune activation causes epigenetic differences in adolescent mouse brain
Basil, P., Li, Q., Dempster, E. L., Mill, J., Sham, P.-C., Wong, C. C. Y., & McAlonan, G. M. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.80 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Epigenetic drugs as immunomodulators for combination therapies in solid tumors
Sigalotti, L., Fratta, E., Coral, S., & Maio, M. (2014) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.015 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Griffiths, P. E., & Tabery, J. (2013) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397947-6.00003-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Wong, V. S., & Langley, B. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Epigenetic genes and epilepsy — emerging mechanisms and clinical applications
Van Loo, K. M. J., Carvill, G. L., Becker, A. J., Conboy, K., Goldman, A. M., Kobow, K., Lopes-Cendes, I., Reid, C. A., van Vliet, E. A., & Henshall, D. C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00693-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of traumatic experience in mammals
Švorcová, J. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14010120 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kahl, K. G., Stapel, B., & Frieling, H. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chandana, B. S., Mahto, R. K., Singh, R. K., Ford, R., Vaghefi, N., Gupta, S. K., Yadav, H. K., Manohar, M., & Kumar, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.900253 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications
Meza-Menchaca, T., Albores-Medina, A., Heredia-Mendez, A. J., Ruíz-May, E., Ricaño-Rodríguez, J., Gallegos-García, V., Esquivel, A., Vettoretti-Maldonado, G., & Campos-Parra, A. D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25147927 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Todorov, G., Mayilvahanan, K., Ashurov, D., & Cunha, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45325-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Retracted
- Authors
- Waddington, C. H.
- Corresponding author
- Waddington, C. H.
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-20
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-13
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2280718773
- Cited by
- 1,082
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- epigenotype, genotype-phenotype correlation, developmental processes, Waddington, Drosophila melanogaster, heredity (biology), developmental genetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drosophila melanogaster, Genotype, Phenotype, Epigenesis, Genetic, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
