The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stereotypies and Other Abnormal Repetitive Behaviors: Potential Impact on Validity, Reliability, and Replicability of Scientific Outcomes
Open accessAbstract
Normal behavior plays a key role in facilitating homeostasis, especially by allowing the animal to control and modify its environment. Captive environments may interfere with these behavioral responses, and the resulting stress may alter many physiological parameters. Abnormal behaviors indicate that an animal is unable to adjust behaviorally to the captive environment and, hence, may be expressing abnormal physiology. Therefore, captive environments may affect the following aspects of an experiment: validity, by introducing abnormal animals into experiments; reliability, by increasing interindividual variation through the introduction of such individuals; and replicability, by altering the number and type of such individuals between laboratories. Thus, far from increasing variability, enrichment may actually improve validity, reliability, and replicability by reducing the number of abnormal animals introduced into experiments. In this article, the specific example of abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) is explored. ARBs in captive animals appear to involve the same mechanisms as ARBs in human psychiatry, which reflect underlying abnormalities of brain function. ARBs are also correlated with a wide range of behavioral changes that affect experimental outcomes. Thus, ARBs in laboratory animals may compromise validity, reliability, and replicability, especially in behavioral experiments; and enrichments that prevent ARB may enhance validity, reliability, and replicability. Although many links in this argument have been tested experimentally, key issues still remain in the interpretation of these data. In particular, it is currently unclear (1) whether or not the differences in brain function seen in animals performing ARB are abnormal, (2) which common behavioral paradigms are affected by ARB, and (3) whether enrichment does indeed improve the quality of behavioral data. Ongoing and future work addressing these issues is outlined.
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“Environmental enrichment | Reduces anxiety [196,197], stress [196,197], and abnormal repetitive behaviour [198–200]. Reduces susceptibility to epilepsy [201] and osteoarthritis [202] and modifies the pathology of neurological disorders [203]. Increases foraging behaviour in fish [204].”
From Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (2020) · cites this paper as [198]
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Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0
Percie du Sert, N., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., et al. (2020) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411 · Cited by 2,677
Updating Animal Welfare Thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “A Life Worth Living”
Mellor, D. (2016) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani6030021 · Cited by 948
Reporting animal research: Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2019Preprint
du Sert, N. P., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/703355 · Cited by 557
Evaluation of animal models of neurobehavioral disorders
van der Staay, F. J., Arndt, S. S., & Nordquist, R. E. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-11 · Cited by 319
Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive bias in rats
Brydges, N. M., Leach, M. C., Nicol, K., Wright, R., & Melissa Bateson, B. (2010) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.030 · Cited by 293
Metadata
- Authors
- Garner, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garner, J. P.
- ORCID
- Garner, J. P.
- Venue
- ILAR Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-01-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 106-117
- ISSN
- 1084-2020 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994433943
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ILAR Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Purdue University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- stereotypy, animal welfare, enrichment, captive animals, validity, reliability statistics, replicability, interindividual variability, stress, behavioral paradigms, animal models of psychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Housing, Animal, Humans, Research Design, Stereotyped Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Animal Experimentation, Mice
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