CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 99Viral Infections and Immunology ResearchVirology and Viral DiseasesVaccine Coverage and Hesitancy

The Biologic Principles of Poliovirus Eradication

Open access
Dowdle, W. R., Birmingham, M. E.·1997·Journal of Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1093/infdis/175.supplement_1.s286PMC PMC7110371
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The biologic principles for the global eradication of poliomyelitis are as follows: Poliovirus causes acute, nonpersistent infections, virus is transmitted by infectious humans or their waste, survival of virus in the environment is finite, humans are the only reservoir, and immunization with polio vaccine interrupts virus transmission. These principles appear to be sound. The potential for prolonged virus excretion by immunocompromised patients requires further definition, although there is no epidemiologic evidence of a threat to eradication. Survival of poliovirus in the environment is highly variable, but viral inactivation is usually complete within months. Higher primates may be infected with poliovirus, but they are unlikely reservoirs in nature. The only poliovirus reservoir remaining after eradication will be laboratory stocks. Serious attention must be given to reducing this potential source of infection. Polio eradication through immunization is evidenced by the documented absence of poliomyelitis in an increasing number of countries and the progressive disappearance of poliovirus genotypes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/infdis/175.supplement_1.s286

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The key biological requirements for poliovirus eradication are absence of a persistent carrier state, virus spread by person-to-person transmission, immunization interrupts virus transmission, absence of any nonhuman reservoir hosts for the virus, and finite virus survival time in the environment.

    “The key biological requirements for poliovirus eradication are ( a ) absence of a persistent carrier state, ( b ) virus spread is by person-to-person transmission, ( c ) immunization interrupts virus transmission, ( d ) absence of any nonhuman reservoir hosts for the virus, and ( e ) finite virus survival time in the environment (42).”

    From VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUSES AND THE ENDGAME STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION (2005) · cites this paper as [42]

  • When these principles were first explicitly detailed in 1997, few examples of immunodeficient long-term chronic excretors had been described, and in every known case excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus had stopped.

    “When these principles were first explicitly detailed in 1997 (42), few examples of immunodeficient long-term chronic excretors had been described, and in every known case excretion of vaccinederived poliovirus had stopped.”

    From VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUSES AND THE ENDGAME STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION (2005) · cites this paper as [42]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 21

  1. Melnick JL. Enteroviruses: polioviruses, coxsackie viruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, et aI, eds. Fields virology. 2nd ed. Vol I. New York: Raven Press, 1990: 549-605.
  2. Lennette EH. Problems in the viral diagnostic laboratory with respect to poliomyelitis. In: Poliomyelitis: papers and discussions presented at the Fourth International Poliomyelitis Conference. Philadelphia: JB Lippin- cott, 1958:377-86.
  3. MacCallum PO. Observations on the feeding of attenuated live poliovi- ruses (Sabin) to children with hypogammaglobulinemia. In: Proceedings of the IX European Symposium on Poliomyelitis, Stockholm, 1-4 Sep- tember 1963. Brussels: European Association of Poliomyelitis and Al- lied Diseases, 1964.
  4. Casey AE. Observations on a epidemic of poliomyelitis. Science 1942; 95:359-60.
  5. Gear JHS. Poliomyelitis. In: Proceedings of the Second International Polio- myelitis Conference. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1951:343-52.
  6. Vaughn lM, Landry EF. Viruses in soils and ground waters. In: Berg G, ed. Viral pollution of the environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRe Press, 1983:163-210.
  7. Kling C, Olin G, Fahraeus J, et al. Sewage as a carrier and disseminator of poliomyelitis virus. I. Searching for poliomyelitis virus in Stockholm sewage. II. Studies on the conditions oflife ofpoliomyelitis virus outside the human organism. Acta Med Scand 1942; 112:217 -49; 250-63.
  8. Paul JR, Trask JD, Gard S. Poliomyelitis virus in urban sewage. J Exp Med 1940;71:765-77.
  9. Ward RL. Destruction of viruses in sludges by treatment processes. In: Berg G, ed. Viral pollution of the environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1983:95-114.
  10. Block JC. Viruses in environmental waters. In: Berg G, ed. Viral pollution ofthe environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1983: 117-45.
  11. Slade JS, Ford Bl Discharge to the environment of viruses in waste water, sludges, and aerosols. In: Berg G, ed. Viral pollution ofthe environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1983:3-15.
  12. Sabin AB, Fieldsteel AH. Nature of spontaneously occurring neutralizing substances for 3 types of poliomyelitis virus in bovine sera. In: VI International Congress of Microbiology. Copenhagen: International As- sociation of Microbiological Scientists, 1953; 2:560-1.
  13. Howe HA, Bodian D. Poliomyelitis in the chimpanzee. Bull Hopkins Hosp 1941; 69:149-81.
  14. Sabin AB. Oral poliovirus vaccine. JAMA 1965; 194:872-6.
  15. Nathanson N. Epidemiology. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock, RM, et al. eds. Virology. 2nd ed. Vol 1. New York: Raven Press, 1990:267- 92.
  16. Black FL. Infectious diseases in primitive societies. Science 1975; 187: 515-8.
  17. World Health Organization. Maintenance and distribution of transgenic mice susceptible to human viruses: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull WHO 1993;71:497-502.
  18. Sabin AB, Ward RL. Poliomyelitis in a laboratory worker exposed to the virus. Science 1941;94:113-4.
  19. Wenner HA, Paul JR. Fatal infection with poliomyelitis virus in a labora- tory technician. Am J Med Sci 1947;213:9-18.
  20. Patriarca PA, Wright PF, John rr. Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral polio vaccines in developing countries: a review. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:926-39.
  21. Mulders MN, van Loon AM, van der Avoort HGAM, et al. Molecular characterization of the wild poliovirus type 3 epidemic in the Nether- lands. J Clin MicrobioI1992-93;33:3252-6.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Dowdle, W. R., & Birmingham, M. E.
Corresponding author
Dowdle, W. R.
Venue
Journal of Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1997-02-01
Volume
175
Issue
Supplement 1
Pages
S286-S292
ISSN
  • 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6613
DOI
10.1093/infdis/175.supplement_1.s286
PMC
PMC7110371
OpenAlex
W2002585627
Cited by
99
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
  • Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Keywords
polio eradication, poliomyelitis, poliovirus transmission, human reservoir, virus inactivation, immunocompromised patients, higher primates
MeSH terms
Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Humans, Poliomyelitis, Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, Global Health, Poliovirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review