The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: Although the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk. Methods: Here we used data from proactive sampling carried out in New York City from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined weekly nasal swab collection with self-reports of respiratory symptoms from 191 participants to investigate the profile of recurring infections with endemic coronaviruses. Results: During the study, 12 individuals tested positive multiple times for the same coronavirus. We found no significant difference between the probability of testing positive at least once and the probability of a recurrence for the betacoronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 at 34 weeks after enrollment/first infection. We also found no significant association between repeat infections and symptom severity, but found strong association between symptom severity and belonging to the same family. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that reinfections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“alternative scenarios are also possible in which vaccine efficacy is either short lived or provides protection from severe disease but does not block transmission74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“By adulthood, most individuals are likely to have been exposed multiple times, with longitudinal studies and human challenge studies suggesting that individuals become susceptible to reinfection within 12–18 months after a previous hCoV infection74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2
Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 · Cited by 5,081
Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age
Simon, A. K., Hollander, G. A., & McMichael, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.3085 · Cited by 1,796
Immunity to and Frequency of Reinfection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Hall, C. B., Walsh, E. E., Long, C., & Schnabel, K. C. (1991) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/163.4.693 · Cited by 774
The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man
Callow, K. A., Parry, H. F., Sergeant, M., & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1990) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268800048019 · Cited by 598
Tang, F., Quan, Y., Xin, Z.-T., Wrammert, J., Ma, M.-J., Lv, H., Wang, T.-B., Yang, H., Richardus, J. H., Liu, W., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903490 · Cited by 496
Lack of Reinfection in Rhesus Macaques Infected with SARS-CoV-2
Bao, L., Deng, W., Gao, H., Xiao, C., Liu, J., Xue, J., Lv, Q., Liu, J., Yu, P., Xu, Y., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990226 · Cited by 419
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Virus Infection and Disease
Cancel-Tirado, S. M., & Yoon, K. J. (2003) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/088282403763635465 · Cited by 316
Janssen, R., Bont, L., Siezen, C., Hodemaekers, H., Ermers, M., Doornbos, G., Slot, R. V. '., Wijmenga, C., Goeman, J., Kimpen, J., et al. (2007) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/520886 · Cited by 308
Persistence of Antibodies against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Payne, D. C., Iblan, I., Rha, B., Alqasrawi, S., Haddadin, A., Nsour, M. A., Alsanouri, T., Ali, S. S., Harcourt, J. L., Miao, C., et al. (2016) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2210.160706 · Cited by 201
Mo, H.-Y., Zeng, G., Ren, X., Li, H., Ke, C., Tan, Y.-X., Chaoda, C. A. I., Lai, K., Chen, R., Chan‐Yeung, M., et al. (2006) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00783.x · Cited by 188
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bao, 2020, Reinfection could not occur in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques, bioRxiv [Preprint]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wastewater surveillance for population-wide Covid-19: The present and future
Daughton, C. G. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139631 · Cited by 495
Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity
Lavine, J. S., Bjornstad, O. N., & Antia, R. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe6522 · Cited by 416
Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection
Cromer, D., Juno, J. A., Khoury, D., Reynaldi, A., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x · Cited by 265
The germinal centre B cell response to SARS-CoV-2
Laidlaw, B. J., & Ellebedy, A. H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00657-1 · Cited by 268
Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections
Galipeau, Y., Greig, M., Liu, C., Driedger, M., & Langlois, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.610688 · Cited by 247
Metadata
- Authors
- Galanti, M., & Shaman, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galanti, Marta
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-07-07
- Volume
- 223
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 409-415
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- PMC
- PMC7454749
- OpenAlex
- W3042062103
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 33
- FWCI
- 4.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF-16-2-0035)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- recurrent infections, endemic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, NL63, 229E, reinfection, immunological memory, innate immune response, symptom severity, betacoronaviruses, respiratory symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Humans, Immunity, Innate, New York City, Respiratory Tract Infections, Survival Analysis, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Endemic Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
