The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When AI moderates online content: effects of human collaboration and interactive transparency on user trust
Abstract
Given the scale of user-generated content online, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to flag problematic posts is inevitable, but users do not trust such automated moderation of content. We explore if (a) involving human moderators in the curation process and (b) affording “interactive transparency,” wherein users participate in curation, can promote appropriate reliance on AI. We test this through a 3 (Source: AI, Human, Both) × 3 (Transparency: No Transparency, Transparency-Only, Interactive Transparency) × 2 (Classification Decision: Flagged, Not Flagged) between-subjects online experiment (N = 676) involving classification of hate speech and suicidal ideation. We discovered that users trust AI for the moderation of content just as much as humans, but it depends on the heuristic that is triggered when they are told AI is the source of moderation. We also found that allowing users to provide feedback to the algorithm enhances trust by increasing user agency.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When adjustments did not directly translate into an updated AI's outcome, users' feedback was considered for future improvement of the model (Ashktorab et al., 2021;Molina and Sundar, 2022;Smith-Renner et al., 2020;Lee et al., 2021).”
From Human-AI collaboration is not very collaborative yet: a taxonomy of interaction patterns in AI-assisted decision making from a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as Molina and Sundar, 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance
Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605
Ananny, M., & Crawford, K. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816676645 · Cited by 1,836
Lee, M. K. (2018) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951718756684 · Cited by 1,338
Gauchat, G. (2012) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122412438225 · Cited by 1,091
Designing for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience
Peters, D., Calvo, R. A., & Ryan, R. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00797 · Cited by 888
Rise of Machine Agency: A Framework for Studying the Psychology of Human–AI Interaction (HAII)
Sundar, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz026 · Cited by 871
Self-citationThe challenge of crafting intelligible intelligence
Weld, D. S., & Bansal, G. (2019) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3282486 · Cited by 253
Abbass, H. A. (2019) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-018-9619-0 · Cited by 200
Regulating Online Content Moderation
Langvardt, K. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3024739 · Cited by 103
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- Cortiz, 2021, Ethical and technical challenges of AI in tackling hate speech, The International Review of Information Ethics, 29, 10.29173/irie416 · DOI
- Gunning, 2019, DARPA’s explainable artificial intelligence program, AI Magazine, 40, 44, 10.1609/aimag.v40i2.2850 · DOI · Paper page
- Hayes, 2018, Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach
- Kittur, 2019, Scaling up analogical innovation with crowds and AI, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 1870, 10.1073/pnas.1807185116 · DOI
- Lepri, 2018, Fair, transparent, and accountable algorithmic decision-making processes: The premise, the proposed solutions, and the open challenges, Philosophy & Technology, 31, 611, 10.1007/s13347-017-0279-x · DOI · Paper page
- Li, 2020, Dimensions of artificial intelligence anxiety based on the integrated fear acquisition theory, Technology in Society, 63, 1, 10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101410 · DOI · Paper page
- Meikle, 2016, Social media: Communication, sharing and visibility, 10.4324/9781315884172 · DOI
- Oh, 2015, How does interactivity persuade? An experimental test of interactivity on cognitive absorption, elaboration, and attitudes, Journal of Communication, 65, 213, 10.1111/jcom.12147 · DOI · Paper page
- Pirson, 2011, Foundations of organizational trust: What matters to different stakeholders?, Organization Science, 22, 1087, 10.1287/orsc.1100.0581 · DOI · Paper page
- Sherman, 1984, Handbook of social cognition, 189
- Soh, 2009, Measuring trust in advertising: Development and validation of the ADTRUST scale, Journal of Advertising, 38, 83, 10.2753/JOA0091-3367380206 · DOI · Paper page
- Sundar, 2008, Digital media, youth, and credibility, 72
- Sundar, 2015, The handbook of the psychology of communication technology, 47, 10.1002/9781118426456.ch3 · DOI · Paper page
- Sundar, 2010, Personalization versus customization: The importance of agency, privacy, and power usage, Human Communication Research, 36, 298, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01377.x · DOI · Paper page
- Suzor, 2019, What do we mean when we talk about transparency? Toward meaningful transparency in commercial content moderation, International Journal of Communication, 13, 1526
- Wang, 2020, When expert recommendation contradicts peer opinion: Relative social influence of valence, group identity and artificial intelligence, Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 1, 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106278 · DOI
- Wang, 2021, Moderating uncivil user comments by humans or machines? The effects of moderation agent on perceptions of bias and credibility in news content, Digital Journalism, 9, 64, 10.1080/21670811.2020.1851279 · DOI
- West, 2018, Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms, New Media & Society, 20, 4366, 10.1177/1461444818773059 · DOI · Paper page
- Zhang, 2019, The tendency of trust in a distrustful environment: The mediation role of contextual perceptions in eWOM, Journal of Marketing Development & Competitiveness, 13
Cited by
Gomez, C., Cho, S. M., Ke, S., Huang, C.-M., & Unberath, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1521066 · Cited by 209
Molina, M. D., & Sundar, S. S. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221103534 · Cited by 124
Self-citationOne AI Does Not Fit All: A Cluster Analysis of the Laypeople’s Perception of AI Roles
Kim, T., Molina, M. D., Rheu, M. (., Zhan, E. S., & Peng, W. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581340 · Cited by 68
Self-citationContent moderation by LLM: from accuracy to legitimacy
Huang, T. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11328-1 · Cited by 24
Zhan, E. S., Zheng, Q., Dong, C., & Thorson, E. (2025) · International Journal of Strategic Communication · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2025.2471527 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Molina, M. D., & Sundar, S. S.
- Affiliations
- College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University , USA
- Bellisario College of Communications, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park James P. Jimirro Professor of Media Effects, Donald P. , PA 16802-5101, USA
- Venue
- Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-07-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 1083-6101
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 10
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: When AI moderates online content: effects of human collaboration and interactive transparency on user trust. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/jcmc/zmac010
- The paper
- Molina, M. D., & Sundar, S. S. (2022). When AI moderates online content: effects of human collaboration and interactive transparency on user trust. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmac010
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.