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Plasma Glucagon and Insulin Responses Depend on the Rate of Appearance of Amino Acids after Ingestion of Different Protein Solutions in Humans
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To find out whether the hormonal response to feeding with protein solutions is influenced by the nature and degree of protein fractionation, we examined insulin and glucagon responses after intake of protein solutions containing the same amount of nitrogen (2.9 g each) in three men and three women. Four test meals (600 mL) [glucose (419 kJ/L), pea (PPH) and whey peptide hydrolysates (WPH) (921 and 963 kJ/L, respectively) and a cow's milk solution (MS) containing complete milk proteins (2763 kJ/L)] were tested. Peptide hydrolysates elicited a faster increase in venous plasma amino acids than did MS (P < 0.05). Despite the higher carbohydrate content of the MS, the peptide hydrolysates elicited a peak insulin response that was two and four times greater than that evoked by the MS and glucose solutions, respectively (P < 0.05). The insulin response was closely related to the increase in plasma amino acids, especially leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine and arginine, regardless of the rate of gastric emptying. The three protein solutions elicited similar increases of plasma glucagon; however, the response was fastest for both peptide hydrolysates (P < 0.05) and more prolonged for the MS (P < 0.05). The glucagon response was linearly related to the increase in plasma amino acids, regardless of the rate of gastric emptying or meal composition (r = 0.93, r = 0.96 and r = 0.78, all P < 0.05, for the PPH, WPH and MS). Among the plasma amino acids, tyrosine (r = 0.82-0.98, P < 0.05) and methionine (r = 0.98, P < 0.001) were most closely related to the plasma glucagon response. This study shows that the glucagon response to feeding with protein solutions depends on the increase in plasma amino acid concentrations. The combined administration of glucose and peptide hydrolysates stimulates a synergistic release of insulin, regardless of the protein source.
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“Further, the rate of absorption may lead to a more favorable anabolic hormonal environment [202, 203, 206].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [203]
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“Results indicated that peptide hydrolysates produced a faster increase in venous plasma amino acids compared to milk proteins.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [203]
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“Further, the peptide hydrolysates produced peak plasma insulin levels that were two- and four-times greater than that evoked by the milk and glucose solutions, respectively, with a correlation of 0.8 between plasma amino acids and the insulin response in the peptide hydrolysates.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [203]
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International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 · Cited by 873
“Further, the rate of absorption may lead to a more favorable anabolic hormonal environment [202, 203, 206].”
BackgroundInternational Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise
Campbell, B., Kreider, R. B., Ziegenfuss, T., La Bounty, P., Roberts, M., Burke, D., Landis, J., Lopez, H., & Antonio, J. (2007) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-8 · Cited by 716
Nilsson, M. G., Stenberg, M., Frid, A. H., Holst, J. J., & Björck, I. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1246 · Cited by 482
Nilsson, M., Holst, J. J., & Björck, I. M. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.996 · Cited by 374
Bos, C., Gaudichon, C., Pueyo, M. E., Morens, C., Tomé, D., Metges, C. C., Petzke, K. J., Everwand, J., & Benamouzig, R. (2003) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.5.1308 · Cited by 309
Metadata
- Authors
- Calbet, J. A. L., & MacLean, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Corresponding author
- MacLean, Dave A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2174-2182
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1948943222
- Semantic Scholar
- 863d3d3661a865f3a8c14bbe2cc4e46a41820d21
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- glucagon, insulin, plasma amino acids, protein hydrolysates, pea protein hydrolysate, cow's milk protein, protein fractionation, gastric emptying, tyrosine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, L-arginine
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Amino Acids, Dietary Proteins, Female, Glucagon, Humans, Insulin, Kinetics, Male, Osmolar Concentration, Reference Values, Solutions
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