Vitamin A: Overlapping delivery pathways to tissues from the circulation
Open accessAbstract
Although retinol bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP) is the most abundant retinoid form present in the circulations of humans and most mammals, other retinoid and proretinoid forms are also present in the blood. We are interested in understanding to what extent each of these circulating retinoid forms contributes towards retinoid actions within cells and tissues. Here we report two studies focused on this question. First, we examined retinoid transport and storage in RBP-deficient mice that lack circulating RBP. These mice under normal laboratory conditions are phenotypically normal except for a visual impairment early in life that is corrected if the mice are maintained on a vitamin A-sufficient diet throughout life. The RBP-deficient mice take up vitamin A from the diet into most tissues at least as well as wild type mice. Compared to wild type mice, mice lacking RBP accumulate excess vitamin A in the liver, since there is no RBP to facilitate mobilization of stored retinol from hepatic stores. In a second study, we explored in vitro the actions of carotene cleavage enzyme (CCE) in facilitating beta-carotene cleavage to retinoid in the testis. CCE is most highly expressed in the testis. Pull-down experiments coupled with MALDI-MS analysis showed that mouse testis CCE is able to interact with the testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase-C (LDH-C) isoform. This may suggest that CCE and LDH-C act in concert to catalyze beta-carotene cleavage.
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Mammals use preformed vitamin A as all-trans-retinyl esters and pro-vitamin A carotenoids, mainly β-carotene, to sustain the body pool of vitamin A.
“Mammals efficiently utilize both preformed vitamin A in the form of all-trans-retinyl esters and pro-vitamin A carotenoids (mainly β,β-carotene) to sustain the body pool of vitamin A.130”
From Chemistry of the Retinoid (Visual) Cycle (2014) · cites this paper as [130]
The introductory passage labeled Abstract says dietary vitamin A comes from preformed retinol and retinyl esters or from provitamin A carotenoids, and describes conversion of carotenoids to retinoids. It does not specify all-trans-retinyl esters as the form of preformed vitamin A, identify β-carotene as the main provitamin A carotenoid, or establish that mammals use both efficiently. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlmost one-third of the retinoids end up in different organs (the kidneys, bone marrow, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, etc.).
“In fact, almost one-third of the retinoids end up in different organs (the kidneys, bone marrow, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, etc.) [1,104].”
From Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity (2021) · cites this paper as [104]
The paper’s introductory passage (page not specified) says that 25–30% of chylomicron retinoid is cleared from the circulation by extrahepatic tissues, supporting the approximate fraction. It does not apply that fraction to all retinoids or identify the kidneys, bone marrow, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue as the destinations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Paik, J., Vogel, S., Quadro, L., Piantedosi, R., Gottesman, M., Lai, K., Hamberger, L., de Morais Vieira, M., & Blaner, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blaner, William S.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 276S-280S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1951782498
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Iowa State University
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ey012858-03)
- National Eye Institute (R01 EY 12858)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK 52444, R01DK052444)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- vitamin A, retinol, retinol-binding protein, retinoid transport, beta-carotene cleavage, lactate dehydrogenase C, testis, visual impairment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Diet, Glutathione Transferase, Isoenzymes, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Liver, Male, Oxygenases, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Testis, Vitamin A, beta Carotene, beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase
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