Dosing and Efficacy of Glutamine Supplementation in Human Exercise and Sport Training

Gleeson, Michael

doi:10.1093/jn/138.10.2045s

Cited by 171Muscle metabolism and nutritionExercise and Physiological ResponsesClinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology

Dosing and Efficacy of Glutamine Supplementation in Human Exercise and Sport Training

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Gleeson, Michael·2008·The Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/jn/138.10.2045s

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Abstract

Some athletes can have high intakes of l-glutamine because of their high energy and protein intakes and also because they consume protein supplements, protein hydrolysates, and free amino acids. Prolonged exercise and periods of heavy training are associated with a decrease in the plasma glutamine concentration and this has been suggested to be a potential cause of the exercise-induced immune impairment and increased susceptibility to infection in athletes. However, several recent glutamine feeding intervention studies indicate that although the plasma glutamine concentration can be kept constant during and after prolonged strenuous exercise, the glutamine supplementation does not prevent the postexercise changes in several aspects of immune function. Although glutamine is essential for lymphocyte proliferation, the plasma glutamine concentration does not fall sufficiently low after exercise to compromise the rate of proliferation. Acute intakes of glutamine of approximately 20-30 g seem to be without ill effect in healthy adult humans and no harm was reported in 1 study in which athletes consumed 28 g glutamine every day for 14 d. Doses of up to 0.65 g/kg body mass of glutamine (in solution or as a suspension) have been reported to be tolerated by patients and did not result in abnormal plasma ammonia levels. However, the suggested reasons for taking glutamine supplements (support for immune system, increased glycogen synthesis, anticatabolic effect) have received little support from well-controlled scientific studies in healthy, well-nourished humans.

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The available evidence is not sufficiently strong for L-glutamine supplements to be recommended for athletes to mitigate immunodepression after exercise.
“Nevertheless, in terms of mitigating immunodepression after exercise, the available evidence is not sufficiently strong for L-glutamine supplements to be recommended for athletes (for review, see [176]).”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [176]
Depleted serum glutamine levels mean less uptake in the intestines, leaving enterocytes more susceptible to intestinal permeability.
“Additionally, depleted serum glutamine levels mean less uptake in the intestines leaving the enterocytes more susceptible to intestinal permeability [105].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [105]

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Authors: Gleeson, M.
Affiliations: Loughborough University (GB)
Corresponding author: Gleeson, Michael
ORCID: Gleeson, Michael
Venue: The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-10
Volume: 138
Issue: 10
Pages: 2045S-2049S
ISSN: 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.10.2045s
OpenAlex: W2168025434
Cited by: 171
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 5243 d)
Locations: Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Keywords: glutamine supplementation, physical activity, athletes, immune function, plasma glutamine, lymphocyte proliferation, dosage, tolerability, glycogen synthesis, blood ammonia
MeSH terms: Acid-Base Equilibrium, Communicable Disease Control, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Fatigue, Glutamine, Humans, Immune System, Metabolism, Sports, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements

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Dosing and Efficacy of Glutamine Supplementation in Human Exercise and Sport Training

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