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Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
Abstract
The role and limitations of retrospective investigations of factors possibly associated with the occurrence of a disease are discussed and their relationship to forward-type studies emphasized. Examples of situations in which misleading associations could arise through the use of inappropriate control groups are presented. The possibility of misleading associations may be minimized by controlling or matching on factors which could produce such associations; the statistical analysis will then be modified. Statistical methodology is presented for analyzing retrospective study data, including chi-square measures of statistical significance of the observed association between the disease and the factor under study, and measures for interpreting the association in terms of an increased relative risk of disease. An extension of the chi-square test to the situation where data are subclassified by factors controlled in the analysis is given. A summary relative risk formula, R, is presented and discussed in connection with the problem of weighting the individual subcategory relative risks according to their importance or their precision. Alternative relative-risk formulas, R1, R2, R3, and R4, which require the calculation of subcategory-adjusted proportions of the study factor among diseased persons and controls for the computation of relative risks, are discussed. While these latter formulas may be useful in many instances, they may be biased or inconsistent and are not, in fact, ave…
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mantel, N., & Haenszel, W. M.
- Affiliations
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Venue
- JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1959-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 719-48
- ISSN
- 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2105
- OpenAlex
- W2150000105
- Cited by
- 14,689
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 180 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 297 · 2022: 326 · 2021: 467 · 2020: 479 · 2019: 451 · 2018: 499 · 2017: 551 · 2016: 517 · 2015: 749 · 2014: 815 · 2013: 823 · 2012: 635
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- retrospective analysis, case-control study, control group selection, confounding, relative risk, chi-square test, subclassification, women
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Neoplasms, Retrospective Studies, Statistics as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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