Cited by 14,689Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyGlobal Cancer Incidence and ScreeningAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

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Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease

Nathan Mantel, William M. Haenszel·1959·JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute

DOI 10.1093/jnci/22.4.719

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Abstract

The role and limitations of retrospective investigations of factors possibly associated with the occurrence of a disease are discussed and their relationship to forward-type studies emphasized. Examples of situations in which misleading associations could arise through the use of inappropriate control groups are presented. The possibility of misleading associations may be minimized by controlling or matching on factors which could produce such associations; the statistical analysis will then be modified. Statistical methodology is presented for analyzing retrospective study data, including chi-square measures of statistical significance of the observed association between the disease and the factor under study, and measures for interpreting the association in terms of an increased relative risk of disease. An extension of the chi-square test to the situation where data are subclassified by factors controlled in the analysis is given. A summary relative risk formula, R, is presented and discussed in connection with the problem of weighting the individual subcategory relative risks according to their importance or their precision. Alternative relative-risk formulas, R1, R2, R3, and R4, which require the calculation of subcategory-adjusted proportions of the study factor among diseased persons and controls for the computation of relative risks, are discussed. While these latter formulas may be useful in many instances, they may be biased or inconsistent and are not, in fact, ave…

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Method
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Method
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BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: Mantel, N., & Haenszel, W. M.
Affiliations: National Cancer Institute (US)
Venue: JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1959-04
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 719-48
ISSN: 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
1460-2105
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/22.4.719
OpenAlex: W2150000105
Cited by: 14,689
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 180 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 297 · 2022: 326 · 2021: 467 · 2020: 479 · 2019: 451 · 2018: 499 · 2017: 551 · 2016: 517 · 2015: 749 · 2014: 815 · 2013: 823 · 2012: 635
FWCI: 6.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: retrospective analysis, case-control study, control group selection, confounding, relative risk, chi-square test, subclassification, women
MeSH terms: Humans, Neoplasms, Retrospective Studies, Statistics as Topic

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Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease

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