Cited by 2,662Cancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismAngiogenesis and VEGF in CancerCancer Cells and Metastasis

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Tumor Hypoxia: Definitions and Current Clinical, Biologic, and Molecular Aspects

Hockel, M., Vaupel, P.·2001·JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute

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Abstract

Tissue hypoxia results from an inadequate supply of oxygen (O(2)) that compromises biologic functions. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies increasingly points to a fundamental role for hypoxia in solid tumors. Hypoxia in tumors is primarily a pathophysiologic consequence of structurally and functionally disturbed microcirculation and the deterioration of diffusion conditions. Tumor hypoxia appears to be strongly associated with tumor propagation, malignant progression, and resistance to therapy, and it has thus become a central issue in tumor physiology and cancer treatment. Biochemists and clinicians (as well as physiologists) define hypoxia differently; biochemists define it as O(2)-limited electron transport, and physiologists and clinicians define it as a state of reduced O(2) availability or decreased O(2) partial pressure that restricts or even abolishes functions of organs, tissues, or cells. Because malignant tumors no longer execute functions necessary for homeostasis (such as the production of adequate amounts of adenosine triphosphate), the physiology-based definitions of the term "hypoxia" are not necessarily valid for malignant tumors. Instead, alternative definitions based on clinical, biologic, and molecular effects that are observed at O(2) partial pressures below a critical level have to be applied.

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Authors: Hockel, M., & Vaupel, P.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Corresponding author: Vaupel, P.
ORCID: Vaupel, P.
Venue: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2001-02-21
Volume: 93
Issue: 4
Pages: 266-276
ISSN: 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
1460-2105
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.4.266
OpenAlex: W2125257427
Semantic Scholar: 6c70b98add72efaae8670b5183983be403de59ae
Cited by: 2,662
References: 159
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 114
FWCI: 5.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
Keywords: tumor hypoxia, tissue hypoxia, solid tumors, tumor microcirculation, oxygen partial pressure, tumor progression, treatment resistance, tumor physiology, oxygen diffusion
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Neoplasms, Oxygen, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Cell Hypoxia, Disease Progression

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Tumor Hypoxia: Definitions and Current Clinical, Biologic, and Molecular Aspects

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