Endogenous hormone levels, mammographic density, and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mammographic density and circulating sex hormones are two well-confirmed predictors of breast cancer risk. Whether mammographic density reflects levels of endogenous sex hormones is unclear. We examined whether these predictors are independently associated with breast cancer risk in a prospective study. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study cohort of 253 case subjects with breast cancer and 520 control subjects. All participants were postmenopausal women who were not using postmenopausal hormones at the time of both blood collection and mammography. Plasma levels of estradiol, free estradiol, testosterone, and free testosterone were evaluated. Mammographic density was assessed by use of computer-assisted analysis of mammograms. Logistic regression models that were adjusted for matching variables and potential confounders were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Levels of circulating sex steroids and mammographic density were both statistically significantly and independently associated with breast cancer risk. The relative risk of breast cancer associated with mammographic density (RR for highest quartile compared with lowest quartile = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.2 to 6.6; P(trend)<.001) changed little when the analysis was adjusted for circulating estradiol (RR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.2 to 6.9; P(trend)<.001) or circulating testosterone (RR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.3 to 7.2; P(trend)<.001). Circulating levels of estradiol (RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.4 to 4.0) and of testosterone (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.1) were both associated with breast cancer risk, before and after adjustment for mammographic density. In a joint analysis of mammographic density and plasma testosterone, the risk of breast cancer was highest in the highest tertiles of both relative to the lowest tertiles of both (RR = 6.0, 95% CI = 2.6 to 14.0). A similar pattern was observed in the joint analysis of estradiol and mammographic density (RR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.7 to 9.8). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating sex steroid levels and mammographic density appear strongly and independently associated with the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Elevated serum estradiol is weakly associated with increased breast cancer risk.
“Elevated serum levels of estradiol are weakly associated with increased breast cancer risk (62), while expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-α is a favorable prognostic factor (63).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Tamimi, R. M., Byrne, C., Colditz, G. A., & Hankinson, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-24
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1178-1187
- ISSN
- 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2105
- OpenAlex
- W2161966331
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 087969, CA-049449, R29CA075016, CA 089393, P01CA087969, CA075016, P50CA089393)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- breast cancer risk, breast density, endogenous sex hormones, estradiol, free estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone, postmenopausal women, breast cancer risk factors, Nurses' Health Study, progesterone receptor status, hormone-independent breast cancer
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast, Breast Neoplasms, Estradiol, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Mammography, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent, Nurses, Progesterone, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, Risk, Testosterone, United States, Cohort Studies, Confidence Intervals, Case-Control Studies, Reproductive History, Postmenopause
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