Perceived acceptability and appropriateness of a web-based program targeting risk for anxiety in young children and their parents

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mixed methods were used to examine convergence of the data types (triangulation) and complementarity (elaboration) to provide both breadth and depth of understanding of the implementation outcomes.

“Mixed methods were used to examine convergence of the data types (i.e., triangulation) and complementarity (i.e., elaboration) to provide both breadth and depth of understanding of the implementation outcomes (Palinkas et al., 2011).”

• cites Palinkas et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Mixed Method Function and Mixed Method Structure sections describe triangulation as convergence, complementarity as addressing related questions, and qualitative and quantitative methods as providing depth and breadth of understanding. The Discussion applies breadth to implementation outcomes, but describes depth as understanding implementation processes and context, not the outcomes themselves. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Research in adults suggests those with high levels of maladaptive perfectionism have poorer physical health outcomes, including earlier mortality, poorer coping with chronic illness, and lower subjective physical health.

“Research in adults suggests those with high levels of maladaptive perfectionism have poorer physical health outcomes, including earlier mortality, poorer coping with chronic illness, and lower subjective physical health (Molnar et al., 2020;Sirois & Molnar, 2016).”

• cites Molnar et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports poorer physical health among the high-perfectionism profiles, including in adults with chronic illness, and cites a longitudinal study linking perfectionism to earlier mortality. The chronic-illness results report physical health, stress, and social support, but do not establish poorer coping with chronic illness specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sirois & Molnar, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A systematic review of preventive digital interventions for mental health in youth identified only 3 such programs, with no preventive program including children younger than age 7.

“A systematic review of preventive digital interventions for mental health in youth identified only 3 such programs, with no preventive program including children younger than age 7 (Bergin et al., 2020).”

• cites Bergin et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports 21 different interventions across 30 publications; the figure of three refers only to selective-prevention studies, not all preventive programs. Results > User characteristics (page unavailable) says no interventions were aimed at children aged six or younger. The paper calls itself a scoping review, rather than a systematic review. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches can yield richer information than either method alone for studying implementation outcomes.

“To study implementation outcomes, mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches can yield richer information than either method alone (Landsverk et al., 2012;Palinkas et al., 2011;Proctor et al., 2009).”

• cites Landsverk et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Palinkas et al., 2011 sourceSupported
• cites Proctor et al., 2009 sourceCould not verify

  “The Challenge of Implementation Research Methods” discusses measuring implementation outcomes and using multilevel designs, while “Multi-level Models of Change” mentions qualitative studies and statistical approaches separately. Our copy does not say that combining qualitative and quantitative methods yields richer information than either alone (searched: mixed methods, qualitative quantitative). (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Studies cite the implementation outcomes taxonomy and use thematic analysis via the framework method, yielding themes focused on content and design; implementation outcomes; recruitment; and parenting strategies.

“Studies cite the implementation outcomes taxonomy (Proctor et al., 2011) and use thematic analysis via the framework method (Braun & Clarke, 2006;Pope et al., 2000), yielding themes focused on content and design; implementation outcomes; recruitment; and parenting strategies.”

• cites Proctor et al., 2011 sourceSupported
• cites Braun & Clarke, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pope et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A combination of random and convenience sampling was used for the first 10 interviewees, followed by a strategic sampling approach to ensure participant diversity and approximate demographic diversity in the overall study.

“A combination of random and convenience sampling was used for the first 10 interviewees (i.e., recruited any participants finishing the study during the recruitment period), followed by a strategic sampling approach (Morse, 2015;Palinkas et al., 2015) to ensure participant diversity and approximate demographic diversity in the overall study (e.g., with respect to age, gender, race/ethnicity, SES).”

• cites Morse, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Palinkas et al., 2015 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

A systematic review showed promising effects of digital health applications for psychological maladjustment associated with pediatric medical conditions-effective program components included problem solving, education, communication, and behavior management.

“Indeed, a systematic review showed promising effects of digital health applications for psychological maladjustment associated with pediatric medical conditions-effective program components included problem solving, education, communication, and behavior management (McGar et al., 2019).”

• cites McGar et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other suggestions focused on adding content relevant to families' particular situations (e.g., how to address bullying, hyperactivity, misbehavior).

“other suggestions focused on adding content that was relevant to families' particular situations (e.g., how to address bullying, hyperactivity, misbehavior).”

May combine two claims.

Parents were open to general positive parenting strategies not specifically focused on error sensitivity, and some found the reminders helpful even when the concepts were already known.

“Regarding general positive parenting strategies that were not specifically focused on error sensitivity (i.e., positive attention/reinforcement, use of special time), parents were open to these strategies and some found the reminders helpful, even when the concepts were already known.”

May combine two claims.

Some children provided off-topic responses revealing they had not encoded the concepts taught in the child-focused content, with a couple expressing they learned that it is not okay to make mistakes.

“In contrast, some children provided off-topic responses that revealed they had not encoded the concepts taught in the child-focused content, with a couple of children expressing they learned that it is not okay to make mistakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some families suggested it would be helpful to include cooperative parent-child games as part of the program curriculum.

“some families suggested it would be helpful to include cooperative parent-child games as a part of the program curriculum.”

May combine two claims.

Emphasizing effort over outcome, modeling trying new and challenging things, and encouraging one's child to try hard things were viewed favorably, though less often described as implemented.

“Though less often described as having been implemented, emphasizing effort over outcome, modeling trying new and challenging things, and encouraging one's child to try hard things were also viewed favorably.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some parents expressed the child content would be enhanced with more examples or opportunities to practice responding appropriately in real-life situations.

“some parents expressed the child content would be enhanced with more examples or opportunities to practice responding appropriately in real-life situations.”

May combine two claims.

Two parents did not fully understand the concept of error sensitivity but still reported the program to be highly acceptable.

“Of note, two parents did not fully understand the concept of error sensitivity; however, they still reported the program to be highly acceptable.”

May combine two claims.

Parents described implementing or learning strategies not explicitly taught, including leaving trivial errors uncorrected, being less critical, naming or describing their mistakes, and rectifying initial overreactions to child errors.

“Interestingly, parents described implementing or learning strategies not explicitly taught, including leaving trivial errors uncorrected, being less critical, naming or describing their mistakes, and rectifying initial overreactions to child errors.”

May combine two claims.

Parents had mixed views of making mistakes on purpose, while children generally accepted it.

“Parents had mixed views of making mistakes on purpose, while children generally accepted it.”

May combine two claims.

The AIM and IAM demonstrated excellent reliability: Cronbach's α (AIM) = .97; α (IAM) = .96.

“The AIM and IAM demonstrated excellent reliability: Cronbach's α (AIM) ¼ .97;α (IAM) ¼ .96.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some children wanted the videos to be longer.

“Some children also wanted the videos to be longer.”

May combine two claims.

Interviewees described the program's rationale provision as a key motivator to both engage with the intervention program and to implement the strategies learned.

“Interviewees described the program's rationale provision as a key motivator to both engage with the intervention program and to implement the strategies learned.”

May combine two claims.

Most parents found the weekly videos sufficiently engaging, whereas some parents expressed the videos appeared too basic or simple.

“Most parents found the weekly videos sufficiently engaging, whereas some parents expressed the videos appeared too basic or simple.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some parents expressed a desire for less superficial and more applied weekly journal assignments.

“some parents expressed a desire for less superficial and more applied weekly journal assignments”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some parents wanted to be able to customize the delivery timing of the reminders.

“some wanted to be able to customize the delivery timing of the reminders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parents expressed that their children's enjoyment of the content facilitated their own participation.

“Parents expressed that their children's enjoyment of the content facilitated their own participation, and they believed the program could benefit from even more gamification for both parents and children.”

May combine two claims.

Many families felt weekly was appropriate and helped them stay on track.

“Indeed, families showed a wide variety of preferences for the frequency and intensity of the program: many felt weekly was appropriate and helped them stay on track, though some wanted longer weekly videos; others preferred a lower frequency (e.g., every two weeks, monthly) but with longer videos; still others wanted to learn the content all in one sitting, or across a few sittings scheduled in p”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Broadly, interviewees suggested making the program more engaging, user-friendly, and relevant.

“Broadly, interviewees suggested making the program more engaging, user-friendly, and relevant.”

May combine two claims.

Participants largely found the program was easy to use and worked well.

“Participants largely found the program was easy to use and worked well.”

May combine two claims.

Interviews with children added incrementally useful information; child interviews yielded insight into the topics children had explicitly encoded, and which features of the program were most salient or memorable.

“Indeed, interviews with children added incrementally useful information; child interviews yielded insight into the topics children had explicitly encoded, and which features of the program were most salient or memorable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Children enjoyed the gamification.

“Children found the videos engaging; they enjoyed particular videos, songs, or characters, and they enjoyed the gamification.”

May combine two claims.

Preferences for format (e.g., paper vs. digital, guided vs. self-guided, mobile app vs. website) and dose (length and frequency of videos, depth of homework assignments) varied widely.

“Preferences for format (e.g., paper vs. digital, guided vs. self-guided, mobile app vs. website, etc.) and dose (i.e., length and frequency of videos, depth of homework assignments) varied widely.”

May combine two claims.

Some families wanted to learn the content all in one sitting, or across a few sittings scheduled in person.

“Indeed, families showed a wide variety of preferences for the frequency and intensity of the program: many felt weekly was appropriate and helped them stay on track, though some wanted longer weekly videos; others preferred a lower frequency (e.g., every two weeks, monthly) but with longer videos; still others wanted to learn the content all in one sitting, or across a few sittings scheduled in p”

May combine two claims.

Other intervention content was also broadly acceptable, including psychoeducation, challenging oneself, encouraging child effort, labeled praise, and special time.

“Other intervention content was also broadly acceptable, including psychoeducation, challenging oneself, encouraging child effort, labeled praise, and special time.”

May combine two claims.

Parents appreciated the multimodal information delivery and receiving direct links to the weekly videos.

“Parents appreciated the multimodal information delivery (i.e., video slide show, text, and audio voiceover) and receiving direct links to the weekly videos.”

May combine two claims.

There was a very strong positive relation between perceived acceptability and appropriateness as well as concordance between measures.

“indicating a very strong positive relation between perceived acceptability and appropriateness as well as concordance between measures.”

May combine two claims.

A few perfectionism-focused programs have been developed for youth; most were developed by Wade and colleagues as preventive, school-based programs for perfectionistic adolescents between age 10 and 19, or as universal prevention approaches.

“A few perfectionism-focused programs have been developed for youth; most were developed by Wade and colleagues as preventive, school-based programs for perfectionistic adolescents between age 10 and 19, or as universal prevention approaches (e.g., Fairweather-Schmidt & Wade, 2015;Shu et al., 2019)”

• cites Fairweather-Schmidt & Wade, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shu et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The lead author kept fieldnotes throughout the study process, including a memos log and interviewer journal, to contextualize the interview transcripts; track coding and analytic decisions; and consider author positionality in the analyses.

“In addition, the lead author (IM) kept fieldnotes throughout the study process, including a memos log and interviewer journal, to contextualize the interview transcripts; track coding and analytic decisions; and consider author positionality in the analyses (Malterud, 2001;Miles et al., 2019).”

• cites Malterud, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miles et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Perfectionism in children and caregivers may be an appropriate transdiagnostic intervention target in the management of illnesses such as chronic pain.

“Perfectionism in children and caregivers may thus be an appropriate transdiagnostic intervention target in the management of illnesses such as chronic pain (Randall, Gray, et al., 2018).”

• cites Randall, Gray, et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

No programs have focused on young children, none have focused specifically on error sensitivity, and only one paper reported the perceived acceptability and appropriateness of a program for teens.

“Importantly, no programs have focused on young children, none have focused specifically on error sensitivity, and only one paper reported the perceived acceptability and appropriateness of a program for teens (i.e., Nehmy & Wade, 2015).”

• cites Nehmy & Wade, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eight dyads were excluded for not watching the entirety of the initial intervention module video set, resulting in a total sample of 86 dyads for the quantitative assessment.

“Eight dyads were excluded for not watching the entirety of the initial intervention module video set, resulting in a total sample of 86 dyads for the quantitative assessment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ERN amplitude at age 6 positively predicts risk for anxiety disorder onset by age 9.

“For example, ERN amplitude at age 6 positively predicts risk for anxiety disorder onset by age 9 (Meyer et al., 2015).”

• cites Meyer et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Published recommendations for preventive interventions for perfectionism include adoption of a positive psychology focus; rationale provision and discussion of risk; targeting maladaptive perfectionistic beliefs; providing cognitive reappraisal strategies; promoting a growth mindset, self-acceptance, and self-compassion; and parental engagement, including reducing criticism, modeling calmresponses

“Published recommendations for preventive interventions for perfectionism include adoption of a positive psychology focus; rationale provision and discussion of risk; targeting maladaptive perfectionistic beliefs; providing cognitive reappraisal strategies; promoting a growth mindset, selfacceptance, and self-compassion; and parental engagement, including reducing criticism, modeling calm responses”

• cites Flett & Hewitt, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AIM and IAM measures were added during data collection, and thus ns differ by variable accordingly.

“Notably, AIM and IAM measures were added during data collection, and thus ns differ by variable accordingly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Error sensitivity overlaps substantially with the domain of concern over mistakes in Frost's multidimensional model of perfectionism and is a core feature of maladaptive perfectionism.

“Error sensitivity overlaps substantially with the domain of concern over mistakes in Frost's multidimensional model of perfectionism (Frost et al., 1990) and has been shown to be a core feature of maladaptive perfectionism (Tozzi et al., 2004).”

• cites Frost et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tozzi et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recruitment targets were set based on data saturation, wherein few or no novel concepts were being shared by participants.

“Recruitment targets were set based on data saturation, wherein few or no novel concepts were being shared by participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Florida State University.

“This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Florida State University.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We included both parent and child perspectives, seldom done in qualitative clinical research.

“Additionally, we included both parent and child perspectives, seldom done in qualitative clinical research.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Convergence of qualitative and quantitative data enhances confidence in the findings on perceived appropriateness and acceptability.

“First, the use of mixed methods with heterogenous perspectives represented among interviewees allowed for both breadth and depth of understanding; moreover, convergence of qualitative and quantitative data enhances confidence in the findings on perceived appropriateness and acceptability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This finding supports the importance of emphasizing parent-based approaches in reducing error sensitivity with very young children.

“This finding supports the importance of emphasizing parent-based approaches in reducing error sensitivity with very young children.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This type of program could be delivered alongside medical interventions targeting disorders of development or pediatric health conditions (e.g., childhood obesity) to mitigate potential emotional or behavioral comorbidities, including disordered eating or anxiety.

“For example, this type of program could be delivered alongside medical interventions targeting disorders of development or pediatric health conditions (e.g., childhood obesity) to mitigate potential emotional or behavioral comorbidities, including disordered eating or anxiety.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These strategies could be prescribed by those who work with families (pediatricians, teachers, child therapists) across contexts.

“Moreover, our study shows that parenting strategies targeting error sensitivity, as well as child-focused strategies, are perceived favorably by a wide range of parents, and thus these strategies could be prescribed by those who work with families (pediatricians, teachers, child therapists) across contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A subset of interviews was double coded by two authors to build coding consensus.

“Codes were then refined according to input from all authors, and a subset of interviews was double coded by two authors (SC, AM) to build coding consensus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Optimization and proliferation of low-intensity, digital health preventive programs that target transdiagnostic mechanisms (e.g., error sensitivity) could answer calls to provide disadvantaged caregivers with easily accessible tools to manage child behavioral problems and support healthy child emotional development.

“Optimization and proliferation of low-intensity, digital health preventive programs that target transdiagnostic mechanisms (e.g., error sensitivity) could answer calls to provide disadvantaged caregivers with easily accessible tools to manage child behavioral problems and support healthy child emotional development (Cobb, 2023).”

• cites Cobb, 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source