Health Measurement Scales: A practical guide to their development and use
Abstract
Health Measurement Scales is the ultimate online guide to developing and validating measurement scales that are to be used in the health sciences. It covers how the individual items are developed; various biases that can affect responses (e.g. social desirability, yea-saying, framing); various response options; how to select the best items in the set; how to combine them into a scale; and finally how to determine the reliability and validity of the scale. It concludes with a discussion of ethical issues that may be encountered, and guidelines for reporting the results of the scale development process. Appendices include a comprehensive guide to finding existing scales, and a brief introduction to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
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DASS was translated by Livheim using a back-translation technique.
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- Authors
- Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressOxford
- Published
- 2014-11
- OpenAlex
- W2480133395
- Cited by
- 2,564
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 302 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 280 · 2021: 296 · 2020: 235 · 2019: 176 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 32.49
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- scale development, scale validation, health measurement, item development, response bias, social desirability bias, framing effects, response options, item selection, reliability statistics, validity, research ethics, factor analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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