CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,792Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesParticle physics theoretical and experimental studiesDark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

First-order phase transition of a vacuum and the expansion of the Universe

Open access
Sato, K.·1981·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DOI 10.1093/mnras/195.3.467
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The progress of a first-order phase transition of a vacuum in the expanding Universe is investigated. The expansion of bubbles of a stable vacuum is calculated simultaneously with the cosmic expansion with the aid of the following two simplified nucleation rates of bubbles p: (i) p = pT Tcδ (T−Tc) in the hot Universe models, (ii) p = 0 for n > nc and p = pQ for n < nc in the cold Universe models, where T is the cosmic temperature, Tc the critical temperature, n the cosmic number density of the fermions coupled to the order parameter of the vacuum, nc the critical density, and pT and pQ are parameters. The following results are obtained: (1) If the nucleation rates are small and the vacuum stays at the metastable state for a long time, the Universe begins to expand exponentially. As a result, the progress of the phase transition is delayed more and more by the rapid cosmic expansion. In particular, in model (i), if pT is less than a critical value, the phase transition never finishes. (2) The lower limits of the nucleation parameter pT and pQ are obtained from observation of the number ratio of photons to baryons in the present Universe. (3) If the phase transition of the vacuum in SU(5) GUT is of first order or if there exists a hypothetical first-order phase transition of the vacuum in the very early stage in which baryon number is not conserved, the density and the velocity fluctuations created by the phase transition may account for the origin of galaxies.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/mnras/195.3.467

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Kolb, E. W. & Wolfram, S., 1979. Preprint OAP-579.
  2. Press, W. H. & Vishniac, E. T., 1980. Harvard Univ. Preprint-1232.
  3. Weinberg, S., 1972. Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, New York.
  4. Weinberg, S., 1979. Lecture in the Symposium on the Universe at Large Redshift, Copenhagen, June.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,001

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Sato, K.
Affiliations
Kyoto University (JP)
Corresponding author
Sato, K.
ORCID
Sato, K.
Venue
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1981-07-01
Volume
195
Issue
3
Pages
467-479
ISSN
  • 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2966
DOI
10.1093/mnras/195.3.467
OpenAlex
W2118084428
Semantic Scholar
4996c653cfb125af342b7f3f7a40e15311999ba7
Cited by
1,792
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 57 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 46
FWCI
12.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Keywords
first-order phase transition, vacuum phase transition, bubble nucleation, cosmic expansion, metastable vacuum, nucleation rate, critical temperature, SU(5) grand unification, baryon number violation, density fluctuations, galaxy formation, early universe

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review