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First-order phase transition of a vacuum and the expansion of the Universe

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Sato, K.·1981·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI 10.1093/mnras/195.3.467

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Abstract

The progress of a first-order phase transition of a vacuum in the expanding Universe is investigated. The expansion of bubbles of a stable vacuum is calculated simultaneously with the cosmic expansion with the aid of the following two simplified nucleation rates of bubbles p: (i) p = pT Tcδ (T−Tc) in the hot Universe models, (ii) p = 0 for n > nc and p = pQ for n < nc in the cold Universe models, where T is the cosmic temperature, Tc the critical temperature, n the cosmic number density of the fermions coupled to the order parameter of the vacuum, nc the critical density, and pT and pQ are parameters. The following results are obtained: (1) If the nucleation rates are small and the vacuum stays at the metastable state for a long time, the Universe begins to expand exponentially. As a result, the progress of the phase transition is delayed more and more by the rapid cosmic expansion. In particular, in model (i), if pT is less than a critical value, the phase transition never finishes. (2) The lower limits of the nucleation parameter pT and pQ are obtained from observation of the number ratio of photons to baryons in the present Universe. (3) If the phase transition of the vacuum in SU(5) GUT is of first order or if there exists a hypothetical first-order phase transition of the vacuum in the very early stage in which baryon number is not conserved, the density and the velocity fluctuations created by the phase transition may account for the origin of galaxies.

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Authors: Sato, K.
Affiliations: Kyoto University (JP)
Corresponding author: Sato, K.
ORCID: Sato, K.
Venue: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1981-07-01
Volume: 195
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-479
ISSN: 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
1365-2966
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/195.3.467
OpenAlex: W2118084428
Semantic Scholar: 4996c653cfb125af342b7f3f7a40e15311999ba7
Cited by: 1,792
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 57 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 12.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Keywords: first-order phase transition, vacuum phase transition, bubble nucleation, cosmic expansion, metastable vacuum, nucleation rate, critical temperature, SU(5) grand unification, baryon number violation, density fluctuations, galaxy formation, early universe

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First-order phase transition of a vacuum and the expansion of the Universe

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