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Cited by 1,792Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesParticle physics theoretical and experimental studiesDark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena

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First-order phase transition of a vacuum and the expansion of the Universe

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Sato, K.·1981·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DOI 10.1093/mnras/195.3.467
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Abstract

The progress of a first-order phase transition of a vacuum in the expanding Universe is investigated. The expansion of bubbles of a stable vacuum is calculated simultaneously with the cosmic expansion with the aid of the following two simplified nucleation rates of bubbles p: (i) p = pT Tcδ (T−Tc) in the hot Universe models, (ii) p = 0 for n > nc and p = pQ for n < nc in the cold Universe models, where T is the cosmic temperature, Tc the critical temperature, n the cosmic number density of the fermions coupled to the order parameter of the vacuum, nc the critical density, and pT and pQ are parameters. The following results are obtained: (1) If the nucleation rates are small and the vacuum stays at the metastable state for a long time, the Universe begins to expand exponentially. As a result, the progress of the phase transition is delayed more and more by the rapid cosmic expansion. In particular, in model (i), if pT is less than a critical value, the phase transition never finishes. (2) The lower limits of the nucleation parameter pT and pQ are obtained from observation of the number ratio of photons to baryons in the present Universe. (3) If the phase transition of the vacuum in SU(5) GUT is of first order or if there exists a hypothetical first-order phase transition of the vacuum in the very early stage in which baryon number is not conserved, the density and the velocity fluctuations created by the phase transition may account for the origin of galaxies.

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Kolb, E. W. & Wolfram, S., 1979. Preprint OAP-579.
  2. Press, W. H. & Vishniac, E. T., 1980. Harvard Univ. Preprint-1232.
  3. Weinberg, S., 1972. Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, New York.
  4. Weinberg, S., 1979. Lecture in the Symposium on the Universe at Large Redshift, Copenhagen, June.

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Metadata

Authors
Sato, K.
Affiliations
Kyoto University (JP)
Corresponding author
Sato, K.
ORCID
Sato, K.
Venue
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1981-07-01
Volume
195
Issue
3
Pages
467-479
ISSN
  • 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2966
DOI
10.1093/mnras/195.3.467
OpenAlex
W2118084428
Semantic Scholar
4996c653cfb125af342b7f3f7a40e15311999ba7
Cited by
1,792
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 57 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 46
FWCI
12.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Keywords
first-order phase transition, vacuum phase transition, bubble nucleation, cosmic expansion, metastable vacuum, nucleation rate, critical temperature, SU(5) grand unification, baryon number violation, density fluctuations, galaxy formation, early universe

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