Statistical properties of brown dwarf companions: implications for different formation mechanisms
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The mass domain where massive extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs overlap is still poorly understood due to the paucity of brown dwarfs orbiting close to solar-type stars, the so-called brown dwarf desert. In this paper, we collect all available data about close brown dwarfs around solar-type stars and their host stars from literature and study the demographics of the brown dwarf desert. The data clearly show a short period and a medium mass gap in the brown dwarf period–mass distribution diagram (35 < m sin i < 55MJup and P < 100 d), representing the ‘driest land’ in the brown dwarf desert. Observation biases are highly unlikely to cause this gap due to its short period and medium mass, of which brown dwarfs can be easily detected by previous radial velocity surveys. Brown dwarfs above and below this gap have significantly different eccentricity distribution, which not only confirms that this gap is real, but also implies that they may have different origins. Our further statistical study indicates that brown dwarfs below this gap may primarily form in the protoplanetary disc through disc gravitational instability, while brown dwarfs above this gap may dominantly form like a stellar binary through molecular cloud fragmentation. Our discoveries have offered important insights about brown dwarf formation mechanisms and their possible relationships with planet and star formation.
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In Ma & Ge (2014) it is argued that two distinct brown dwarf formation mechanisms exist; BDs with masses below 42.5 Mjup are thought to be formed from a protoplanetary disc, while BDs with masses above 42.5 Mjup would form more like stellar binaries.
“In Ma & Ge (2014) it is argued that two distinct brown dwarf (BD) formation mechanisms exist; BDs with masses below 42.5 M Jup, are thought to be formed from a protoplanetary disc, while BDs with masses above 42.5 M Jup, would form more like stellar binaries.”
From A search for transiting companions in the J1407 (V1400 Cen) system (2021) · cites this paper as Ma & Ge 2014
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Benedict, G. F., McArthur, B. E., Bean, J. L., Barnes, R., Harrison, T. E., Hatzes, A., Martioli, E., & Nelan, E. P. (2010) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/5/1844 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A Substellar Companion to the Intermediate‐Mass Giant 11 Comae
Liu, Y., Sato, B., Zhao, G., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/523297 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf StarsPreprint
Boss, A. P. (2006) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Zucker, S., & Mazeh, T. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312523 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
HD 137510: An Oasis in the Brown Dwarf Desert
Endl, M., Hatzes, A. P., Cochran, W. D., et al. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/422310 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets
Perrier, C., Sivan, J. P., Naef, D., Beuzit, J.-L., Mayor, M., Queloz, D. P., & Udry, S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031340 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Crepp, J., Johnson, J., Fischer, D., Howard, A., Marcy, G., Wright, J., Isaacson, H., Boyajian, T., von Braun, K., Hillenbrand, L., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/751/2/97 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
SUBSTELLAR-MASS COMPANIONS TO THE K-DWARF BD+14 4559 AND THE K-GIANTS HD 240210 AND BD+20 2457
Niedzielski, A., Nowak, G., Adamów, M., & Wolszczan, A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/707/1/768 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets
Moutou, C., Mayor, M., Curto, G. L., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015371 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Curto, G. L., Mayor, M., Benz, W., Bouchy, F., Lovis, C., Moutou, C., Naef, D., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., Santos, N., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913523 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Substellar-mass companions to the K-dwarf BD +14 4559 and the K-giants HD 240210 and BD +20 2457Preprint
Niedzielski, A., Nowak, G., Adamów, M., et al. (2012) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Planetary Companions to HD 136118, HD 50554, and HD 106252
Fischer, D. A., Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., et al. (2002) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/341677 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Patel, S. G., Vogt, S. S., Marcy, G. W., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/519066 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The brown dwarf desert as a consequence of orbital migrationPreprint
Armitage, P. J., & Bonnell, I. A. (2001) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Mass of HD 38529 c from Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry and High-Precision Radial VelocitiesPreprint
Benedict, G. F., McArthur, B. E., Bean, J. L., Barnes, R., Harrison, T. E., Hatzes, A. P., Martioli, E., & Nelan, E. (2010) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1003.0421 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
NEW BROWN DWARF COMPANIONS TO YOUNG STARS IN SCORPIUS-CENTAURUS
Janson, M., Jayawardhana, R., Girard, J. H., Lafreniére, D., Bonavita, M., Gizis, J. E., & Brandeker, A. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/758/1/l2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Substellar Companions to Evolved Intermediate-Mass Stars: HD 145457 and HD 180314
Sato, B., Omiya, M., Liu, Y., Harakawa, H., Izumiura, H., Kambe, E., Toyota, E., Murata, D., Lee, B.-C., Masuda, S., et al. (2010) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/62.4.1063 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Calibration of Strömgrenuvby-Hβphotometry for late-type stars – a model atmosphere approach
Önehag, A., Gustafsson, B., Eriksson, K., et al. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810786 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Martioli, E., McArthur, B. E., Benedict, G. F., Bean, J. L., Harrison, T. E., & Armstrong, A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/708/1/625 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Orbital migration and the frequency of giant planet formation
Trilling, D., Lunine, J., & Benz, W. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021108 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
WASP-30b: A 61 MJup BROWN DWARF TRANSITING A V = 12, F8 STAR
Anderson, D., Cameron, A., Hellier, C., Lendl, M., Maxted, P., Pollacco, D., Queloz, D., Smalley, B., Smith, A., Todd, I., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/726/2/l19 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hipparcos preliminary astrometric masses for the two close-in companions to HD 131664 and HD 43848
Sozzetti, A., & Desidera, S. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912717 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Santos, N., Mayor, M., Benz, W., Bouchy, F., Figueira, P., Curto, G. L., Lovis, C., Melo, C., Moutou, C., Naef, D., et al. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913489 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
MARVELS-1b: A SHORT-PERIOD, BROWN DWARF DESERT CANDIDATE FROM THE SDSS-III MARVELS PLANET SEARCH
Lee, B. L., Ge, J., Fleming, S. W., Stassun, K. G., Gaudi, B. S., Barnes, R., Mahadevan, S., Eastman, J. D., Wright, J., Siverd, R. J., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/728/1/32 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstellar Companions to Evolved Intermediate-Mass Stars: HD 145457 and HD 180314
Sato, B., Omiya, M., Yujuan, L., Harakawa, H., Izumiura, H., Kambe, E., Toyota, E., Murata, D., Lee, B., Masuda, S., et al. (2010) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Brown Dwarf — Exoplanet Connection
Reid, I. N., & Metchev, S. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74008-7_5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Díaz, R. F., Santerne, A., Sahlmann, J., Hébrard, G., Eggenberger, A., Santos, N. C., Moutou, C., Arnold, L., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., et al. (2011) · Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1111.1168 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
MARVELS-1b: A SHORT-PERIOD, BROWN DWARF DESERT CANDIDATE FROM THE SDSS-III MARVELS PLANET SEARCHPreprint
Lee, B. L., Ge, J., Fleming, S. W., Stassun, K. G., Gaudi, B. S., Barnes, R., Mahadevan, S., Eastman, J. D., Wright, J. T., Siverd, R. J., et al. (2010) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationA massive planet to the young disc star HD 81040
Sozzetti, A., Udry, S., Zucker, S., Torres, G., Beuzit, J.-L., Latham, D. W., Mayor, M., Mazeh, T., Naef, D., Perrier, C., et al. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054303 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
HD 91669B: A NEW BROWN DWARF CANDIDATE FROM THE MCDONALD OBSERVATORY PLANET SEARCH
Wittenmyer, R. A., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., et al. (2009) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3529 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
DISCOVERY OF A LOW-MASS COMPANION TO A METAL-RICH F STAR WITH THE MARVELS PILOT PROJECT
Fleming, S. W., Ge, J., Mahadevan, S., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/718/2/1186 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBayesian evidence for two companions orbiting HIP 5158
Feroz, F., Balan, S. T., & Hobson, M. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01109.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jumper, P. H., & Fisher, R. T. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/769/1/9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A SUBSTELLAR COMPANION IN A 1.3 yr NEARLY CIRCULAR ORBIT OF HD 16760
Sato, B., Fischer, D. A., Ida, S., Harakawa, H., Omiya, M., Johnson, J. A., Marcy, G. W., Toyota, E., Hori, Y., Isaacson, H. T., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/1/671 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
REVISED ORBIT AND TRANSIT EXCLUSION FOR HD 114762b
Kane, S., Henry, G., Dragomir, D., Fischer, D., Howard, A., Wang, X., & Wright, J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/l41 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Massive Substellar Companion to the Massive Giant HD 119445
Omiya, M., Izumiura, H., Han, I., Lee, B.-C., Sato, B., Kambe, E., Kim, K.-M., Yoon, T., Yoshida, M., Masuda, S., et al. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.4.825 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Fleming, S. W., Ge, J., Barnes, R., Beatty, T. G., Crepp, J. R., Lee, N. D., Esposito, M., Femenia, B., Ferreira, L., Gary, B., et al. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/3/72 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationDíaz, R., Santerne, A., Sahlmann, J., H'ebrard, G., Eggenberger, A., Santos, N., Moutou, C., Arnold, L., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117935 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A possible substellar companion to the intermediate-mass giant HD 175679
Wang, L., Sato, B., Zhao, G., Liu, Y., Noguchi, K., Ando, H., Izumiura, H., Kambe, E., Omiya, M., Harakawa, H., et al. (2012) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/12/1/007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Massive Planet to the Young Disc Star HD 81040
Sozzetti, A., Udry, S., Zucker, S., Torres, G., Beuzit, J.-L., Latham, D. W., Mayor, M., Mazeh, T., Naef, D., Perrier, C., et al. (2005) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054303/pdf · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ma, B., Ge, J., Barnes, R., Crepp, J. R., Lee, N. D., Dutra-Ferreira, L., Esposito, M., Femenia, B., Fleming, S. W., Gaudi, B. S., et al. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/20 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBayesian evidence for two companions orbiting HIP 5158Preprint
Feroz, F. (2013) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fleming, S. W., Jian, G., Rory, B., Thomas, G. T., Justin, R. C., Nathan, D. L., Massimiliano, E., Bruno, F., Leticia, F., Bruce, G., et al. (2012) · Indian Institute of Astrophysics · Cited by 11 · see citing works
UV flux distributions of γ Doradus stars
Gerbaldi, M., Faraggiana, R., & Caffau, E. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065958 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Galland, F., Lagrange, A., Udry, S., Beuzit, J., Pepe, F., & Mayor, M. (2006) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054079 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
DISCOVERY OF A LOW-MASS COMPANION TO THE SOLAR-TYPE STAR TYC 2534-698-1
Kane, S. R., Mahadevan, S., Cochran, W. D., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/692/1/290 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ge J. et al., 2008, in Fischer D., Rasio F. A., Thorsett S. E., Wolszczan A., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 398, Extreme Solar Systems. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 449
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- Marcy G. W., Cochran W. D., Mayor M., 2000, Protostars and Planets IV. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
- Reid I. N., Metchev S. A., 2008, in Mason J. W., Dr, ed., Exoplanets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 115
- Sahlmann J., Ségransan D., Queloz D., Udry S., 2011a, in Sozzetti A., Lattanzi M. G., Boss A. P., eds, Proc. IAU Symp. 276, The Astrophysics of Planetary Systems: Formation, Structure, and Dynamical Evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, p. 117
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A search for transiting companions in the J1407 (V1400 Cen) system
Barmentloo, S., Dik, C., Kenworthy, M. A., Mamajek, E. E., Hambsch, F.-J., Reichart, D. E., Rodriguez, J. E., & van Dam, D. M. (2021) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140768 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ma, B., & Ge, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ma, Bo
- ORCID
- Ma, Bo
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-02-14
- Volume
- 439
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2781-2789
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2087045583
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- brown dwarfs, brown dwarf desert, molecular cloud fragmentation, eccentricity distribution, solar-type stars, exoplanets, protoplanetary disks, binary stars
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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