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Dynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's pattern speed, stellar and dark matter mass distribution
Open accessAbstract
We construct a large set of dynamical models of the galactic bulge, bar and inner disc using the made-to-measure method. Our models are constrained to match the red clump giant density from a combination of the VVV, UKIDSS and 2MASS infrared surveys together with stellar kinematics in the bulge from the BRAVA and OGLE surveys, and in the entire bar region from the ARGOS Survey. We are able to recover the bar pattern speed and the stellar and dark matter mass distributions in the bar region, thus recovering the entire galactic effective potential. We find a bar pattern speed of 39.0 ± 3.5 km s− 1 kpc− 1, placing the bar corotation radius at 6.1 ± 0.5 kpc and making the Milky Way bar a typical fast rotator. We evaluate the stellar mass of the long bar and bulge structure to be Mbar/bulge = 1.88 ± 0.12 × 1010 M⊙, larger than the mass of disc in the bar region, Minner disc = 1.29 ± 0.12 × 1010 M⊙. The total dynamical mass in the bulge volume is 1.85 ± 0.05 × 1010 M⊙. Thanks to more extended kinematic data sets and recent measurement of the bulge initial mass function, our models have a low dark matter fraction in the bulge of 17 ± 2 per cent. We find a dark matter density profile which flattens to a shallow cusp or core in the bulge region. Finally, we find dynamical evidence for an extra central mass of ∼ 0.2 × 1010 M⊙, probably in a nuclear disc or discy pseudo-bulge.
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Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 378
Trimodal structure of Hercules stream explained by originating from bar resonances
Asano, T., Fujii, M. S., Baba, J., Bédorf, J., Sellentin, E., & Zwart, S. P. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2849 · Cited by 39
“The slow bar is also supported by the dynamical modelling of bulge stars (Portail et al. 2017) and gas kinematics (Sormani et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016).”
MethodA Parametric Galactic Model toward the Galactic Bulge Based on Gaia and Microlensing Data
Koshimoto, N., Baba, J., & Bennett, D. P. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac07a8 · Cited by 56
Price-Jones, N., Bovy, J., Webb, J. J., Prieto, C. A., Beaton, R. L., Brownstein, J. R., Cohen, R. E., Cunha, K., Donor, J., Frinchaboy, P. M., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1905 · Cited by 40
“In addition to the static potential case we consider three time-varying potentials, each of which incorporates a Galactic bar from Dehnen (2000), with bar length of 5 kpc and a pattern speed 35.75 kms−1kpc−1 (Portail et al. 2017; Sanders et al. 2019; Bovy et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialClemente, F. D., Drago, A., & Pagliara, G. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad445b · Cited by 36
The Initial Mass Function of the Inner Galaxy Measured from OGLE-III Microlensing Timescales
Wegg, C., Gerhard, O., & Portail, M. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa794e · Cited by 36
Self-citationQuillen, A. C., Silva, G. D., Sharma, S., Hayden, M., Freeman, K. C., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Žerjal, M., Asplund, M., Buder, S., D’Orazi, V., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty865 · Cited by 40
“The Hercules stream is thought to be caused by perturbations from the Galactic bar (Dehnen 1999b, 2000; Fux 2001; Minchev et al. 2010; Antoja et al. 2014; Portail et al. 2017a; Perez-Villegas et al. 2017; Monari et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialStellar populations of the central region of M 31
Saglia, R. P., Opitsch, M., Fabricius, M., Bender, R., Blaña, M., & Gerhard, O. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732517 · Cited by 36
“…metallicity gradient in the MW is ≈ −0.4 dex/kpc (Gonzalez et al. 2011) and is believed to be due to the fact that stars with higher metallicities are concentrated more to the Galactic plane and contribute less at high latitudes (Zoccali et al. 2008; Ness et al. 2013; Portail et al. 2017b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Hercules stream as seen by APOGEE-2 South
Hunt, J. D., Bovy, J., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Holtzman, J. A., Sobeck, J. S., Chojnowski, D., Santana, F. A., Palicio, P. A., Wegg, C., Gerhard, O., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2777 · Cited by 35
“02 80 7v 2 plane, especially when looking towards the inner Galaxy, and because the structure and kinematics of the bar and/or bulge region is highly complex (e.g. Cabrera-Lavers et al. 2008; Nataf et al. 2010; McWilliam & Zoccali 2010; Ness et al. 2016; Williams et al. 2016; Portail et al. 2017b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationInsights from super-metal-rich stars: Is the Milky Way bar young?
Nepal, S., Chiappini, C., Guiglion, G., Steinmetz, M., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Queiroz, A. B. A., Miglio, A., Dohme, P., & Khalatyan, A. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348365 · Cited by 35
Gaia DR3 data consistent with a short bar connected to a spiral arm
Vislosky, E., Minchev, I., Александрович, Х. С., Martig, M., Buck, T., Hilmi, T., Ratcliffe, B., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Quillen, A. C., Steinmetz, M., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae083 · Cited by 38
How do stars affect ψDM haloes?
Chan, J. H. H., Schive, H.-Y., Woo, T.-P., & Chiueh, T. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty900 · Cited by 35
“…been observed in elliptical galaxies and in bulges (Saglia et al. 2010; Ness et al. 2013; Zoccali et al. 2014; Boardman et al. 2017), but so far the interpretation involves the presence of a supermassive black hole (Kormendy & Ho 2001) or selfgravitying stars (Binney 1980; Portail et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodTracing Hercules in Galactic azimuth with Gaia DR2
Monari, G., Famaey, B., Siebert, A., Bienaymé, O., Ibata, R., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936455 · Cited by 35
“We select points in configuration space at R = R0 (R0 = 8.2 kpc A107, page 2 of 4 in the Portail et al. 2017, model), with different azimuths φ.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBarros, D. A., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Lépine, J. R. D., Michtchenko, T. A., & Vieira, R. S. S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab59d1 · Cited by 34
Dynamical Model of the Milky Way Using APOGEE and Gaia Data
Nitschai, M. S., Eilers, A., Neumayer, N., Cappellari, M., & Rix, H. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac04b5 · Cited by 36
Identifying resonances of the Galactic bar in Gaia DR2: II. Clues from angle space
Trick, W. H. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2866 · Cited by 34
Radial halo substructure in harmony with the Galactic bar
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., & Evans, N. W. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1789 · Cited by 37
Understanding EROS2 observations toward the spiral arms within a classical Galactic model framework
Moniez, M., Sajadian, S., Karami, M., Rahvar, S., & Ansari, R. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730488 · Cited by 33
“The velocity distribution of the bar stars is given by the combination of a global rotation (Fux 1999, Portail et al. 2017) Ωbar = 39km ± 3.5 s−1 kpc−1 (20) with a Gaussian isotropic velocity dispersion distribution characterized by σbar ∼ 110 km/s.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe COMBS Survey – III. The chemodynamical origins of metal-poor bulge stars
Lucey, M., Hawkins, K., Ness, M., Nelson, T., Debattista, V. P., Luna, A., Bensby, T., Freeman, K. C., & Kobayashi, C. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2878 · Cited by 33
Self-citationThe Imprint of Spiral Arms on the Galactic Rotation Curve
McGaugh, S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab479b · Cited by 34
The initial mass function of the inner galaxy measured from OGLE-III microlensing timescales
Wegg, C., Gerhard, O., & Portail, M. (2017) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 32
Self-citationTiming the Milky Way bar formation and the accompanying radial migration episode
Haywood, M., Александрович, Х. С., Cerqui, V., Matteo, P. D., Katz, D., & Snaith, O. N. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348767 · Cited by 31
Buck, T., Ness, M., Obreja, A., Macciò, A. V., & Dutton, A. A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaffd0 · Cited by 31
Self-citationBarred spiral galaxies in modified gravity theories
Roshan, M., Banik, I., Ghafourian, N., Thies, I., Famaey, B., Asencio, E., & Kroupa, P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab651 · Cited by 31
Quantifying the (X/peanut)-shaped structure of the Milky Way – new constraints on the bar geometry
Ciambur, B. C., Graham, A. W., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1823 · Cited by 32
“…argue, based on Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2016) and LAMOST (Liu et al. 2014) data, that the position of the Hercules stream in velocity space favours a shorter bar, with a co-rotation radius of ∼ 4 kpc (at odds with Portail et al. 2017, who report a longer, ∼6 kpc radius of co-rotation).”
BackgroundOrbits of Selected Globular Clusters in the Galactic Bulge
Pérez-Villegas, Á., Rossi, L., Ortolani, S., Casotto, S., Barbuy, B., & Bica, E. (2018) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2018.16 · Cited by 30
“…(2016); (3) Kent et al. (1991); (4) Irrgang et al. (2013); (5) Weiner & Sellwood (1999); (6) Pfenniger (1984); (7) Rattenbury et al. (2007); (8) Wegg & Gerhard (2013); (9) Freudenreich (1998); (10) Gardner & Flynn (2010); (11) Bissantz, Englmaier, & Gerhard (2003); (12) Portail et al. (2017).”
Testing the Prediction of Fuzzy Dark Matter Theory in the Milky Way Center
Li, Z., Shen, J., & Schive, H.-Y. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6598 · Cited by 30
Kinematics and dynamics of the Galactic bar revealed by Gaia long-period variables
Zhang, H., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., Kane, S. G., & Sanders, J. L. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2023 · Cited by 36
Verlinde’s emergent gravity versus MOND and the case of dwarf spheroidals
Díez-Tejedor, A., González‐Morales, A. X., & Niz, G. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty649 · Cited by 29
“Current observations seem to indicate that globular clusters or galactic bulges are almost DM free (Heggie & Hut 1996; Ibata et al. 2013; Portail et al. 2017), while dwarf spheroidals (dSph’s) are expected to be dominated by the dark component, as discussed in Walker (2013), hence our interest in…”
BackgroundChemical and Kinematic Analysis of CN-strong Metal-poor Field Stars in LAMOST DR3
Tang, B., Liu, C., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Geisler, D., Shi, J., Zamora, O., Worthey, G., & Moreno, E. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf6b1 · Cited by 30
The structural evolution of galaxies with both thin and thick discs
Aumer, M., & Binney, J. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1300 · Cited by 29
“Moreover, the old chemical thick disc of the MW is centrally concentrated and should be important in the central ∼ 5 kpc, a region dominated by the Galactic bar (Portail et al. 2017a), a structure that is supposed to have formed from a rather cold disc.”
BackgroundInfluentialDisk origin of the Milky Way bulge: the necessity of the thick disk
Matteo, P. D., Fragkoudi, F., Александрович, Х. С., Ciambur, B. C., Haywood, M., Combes, F., & Gómez, A. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832606 · Cited by 29
Magnetic field morphology and evolution in the Central Molecular Zone and its effect on gas dynamics
Treß, R. G., Sormani, M. C., Girichidis, P., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Smith, R. J., Sobacchi, E., Armillotta, L., Barnes, A. T., Battersby, C., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450035 · Cited by 28
On measuring the Galactic dark matter halo with hypervelocity stars
Contigiani, O., Rossi, E. M., & Marchetti, T. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1547 · Cited by 32
“In the Galactic bulge and disc, where baryons dominate the matter density, established techniques based on the kinematics of field stars or HI emission are used (Portail et al. 2017; Reid & Dame 2016).”
MethodHofmann, F., & Wegg, C. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935561 · Cited by 31
Self-citationDark matter in astrophysics/cosmology
Green, A. M. (2022) · SciPost Physics Lecture Notes · doi:10.21468/scipostphyslectnotes.37 · Cited by 28
Spiral-like features in the disc revealed by Gaia DR3 radial actions
Palicio, P. A., Recio-Blanco, A., Poggio, E., Antoja, T., McMillan, P. J., & Spitoni, E. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245026 · Cited by 31
Nataf, D. M. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2017.32 · Cited by 28
“That is not a repetition of the results mentioned in the previous subsection, as Portail et al. (2015a, 2015b, 2017) also constrained their N-body models to match the spectroscopic data from the APOGEE survey, which goes much closer to the plane (Ness et al. 2016), and the global photometric…”
MethodResultUnderstanding EROS2 observations toward the spiral arms within a classical Galactic model framework
Moniez, M., Sajadian, S., Karami, M., Rahvar, S., & Ansari, R. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730488/pdf · Cited by 27
The vertical Na–O relation in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6553
Muñoz, C., Villanova, S. N., Geisler, D., Cortés, C., Bidin, C. M., Cohen, R. E., Saviane, I., Dias, B., Tang, B., & Mauro, F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3586 · Cited by 27
The Milky Way’s rotation curve with superfluid dark matter
Hossenfelder, S., & Mistele, T. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2594 · Cited by 30
Bar resonances and low angular momentum moving groups in the Galaxy revealed by their stellar ages
Laporte, C. F. P., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Hill, V., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038740 · Cited by 26
“We compare the data to predictions from an analytic model based on the large bar of Portail et al. (2017), as in Monari et al. (2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA first estimate of the Milky Way dark matter halo spin
Obreja, A., Buck, T., & Macciò, A. V. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140983 · Cited by 27
Simulating the Legacy Survey of Space and Time Stellar Content with TRILEGAL
Tio, P. D., Pastorelli, G., Mazzi, A., Trabucchi, M., Costa, G., Jacques, A., Pieres, A., Girardi, L., Chen, Y., Olsen, K. A. G., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac7be6 · Cited by 25
A Three-dimensional Map of the Milky Way Using 66,000 Mira Variable Stars
Iwanek, P., Poleski, R., Kozłowski, S., Soszyński, I., Pietrukowicz, P., Ban, M., Skowron, J., Mróz, P., Wrona, M., Udalski, A., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acad7a · Cited by 25
JASMINE: Near-infrared astrometry and time-series photometry science
Kawata, D., Kawahara, H., Gouda, N., Secrest, N. J., Kano, R., Kataza, H., Isobe, N., Ohsawa, R., Usui, F., Yamada, Y., et al. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psae020 · Cited by 35
Self-citationThe Quintuplet Cluster: Extended Structure and Tidal Radius
Rui, N. Z., Hosek, M. W., Lu, J. R., Clarkson, W. I., Anderson, J., Morris, M. R., & Ghez, A. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab17e0 · Cited by 25
The Milky Way’s bar structural properties from gravitational waves
Wilhelm, M. J. C., Korol, V., Rossi, E. M., & D’Onghia, E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3457 · Cited by 26
“In particular, Portail et al. (2017), by modelling the kinematics and photometry of stars in the bar, inferred a pattern speed of 39 km s−1 kpc−1.”
BackgroundMethodStellar populations of the central region of M 31
Saglia, R. P., Opitsch, M., Fabricius, M., Bender, R., Blaña, M., & Gerhard, O. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732517/pdf · Cited by 24
Self-citationA2A: 21 000 bulge stars from the ARGOS survey with stellar parameters on the APOGEE scale
Wylie, S. M., Gerhard, O. E., Ness, M. K., Clarke, J. P., Freeman, K. C., & Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140990 · Cited by 24
Self-citationFrom ridges to manifolds: 3D characterization of the moving groups in the Milky Way disc
Bernet, M., Ramos, P., Antoja, T., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Kazwini, H. A., & Romero-Gómez, M. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244070 · Cited by 24
The Quintuplet Cluster: Extended Structure and Tidal Radius
Rui, N., Hosek, M., Lu, Jr., Clarkson, W., Anderson, J., Morris, M., & Ghez, A. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 24
Young stars as tracers of a barred-spiral Milky Way
Pettitt, A. R., Ragan, S. E., & Smith, M. C. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3155 · Cited by 24
SDSS IV MaNGA: bar pattern speed in Milky Way analogue galaxies
Garma-Oehmichen, L., Hernández-Toledo, H. M., Aquino-Ortíz, E., Martinez-Medina, L. A., Puerari, I., Cano-Díaz, M., Valenzuela, O., Vázquez-Mata, J. A., Géron, T., Martínez, L. A., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3069 · Cited by 23
The Far Side of the Galactic Bar/Bulge Revealed through Semi-regular Variables
Hey, D., Huber, D., Shappee, B. J., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Tepper-García, T., Sanderson, R. E., Chakrabarti, S., Saunders, N., Hunt, J. D., Bedding, T. R., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad01bf · Cited by 29
Michtchenko, T. A., Lépine, J. R. D., Barros, D. A., & Vieira, R. S. S. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833035 · Cited by 23
Heightened Faraday complexity in the inner 1 kpc of the galactic centre
Livingston, J. D., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Gaensler, B. M., Seta, A., & Alger, M. J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab253 · Cited by 23
Observational Constraints of Radial Migration in the Galactic Disk Driven by the Slowing Bar
Zhang, H., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., Sanders, J. L., Lu, Y., Cao, C., Myeong, G., Dillamore, A. M., Kane, S. G., & Li, Z. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adc261 · Cited by 29
Wave dark matter and ultra-diffuse galaxies
Pozo, A., Broadhurst, T. J., Martino, I. D., Luu, H. N., Smoot, G. F., Lim, J., & Neyrinck, M. C. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab855 · Cited by 22
The power of coordinate transformations in dynamical interpretations of Galactic structure
Hunt, J. D., Johnston, K. V., Pettitt, A. R., Cunningham, E. C., Kawata, D., & Hogg, D. W. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1987 · Cited by 22
The role of bars on the dynamical-friction-driven inspiral of massive objects
Bortolas, E., Bonetti, M., Dotti, M., Lupi, A., Capelo, P. R., Mayer, L., & Sesana, A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac645 · Cited by 22
Montanari, A., Moulin, E., & Rodd, N. L. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.043028 · Cited by 22
The chemistry of stars in the bar of the Milky Way
Wegg, C., Rojas-Arriagada, Á., Schultheis, M., & Gerhard, O. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936779 · Cited by 22
Self-citationCirelli, M., Струмиа, А., & Zupan, J. (2026) · doi:10.21468/scipostphysrev.1 · Cited by 60
The Milky Way’s middle-aged inner ring
Wylie, S. M., Clarke, J. P., & Gerhard, O. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142343 · Cited by 21
Self-citationOrbit-superposition Dynamical Modeling of Barred Galaxies
Tahmasebzadeh, B., Ling, Z., Shen, J., Gerhard, O., & van de Ven, G. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9df6 · Cited by 21
Self-citationPieres, A., Girardi, L., Balbinot, E., Santiago, B., da Costa, L. N., Rosell, A. C., Pace, A. B., Bechtol, K., Groenewegen, M. A. T., Drlica-Wagner, A., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1980 · Cited by 24
“…that we are not fitting the thin disc and the bulge, the overall smoothed Poissonian significance across the footprint is close to zero. from the literature, where estimates of the stellar bulge mass range from 10 to 20 per cent of the MW stellar mass (Licquia & Newman 2015; Portail et al. 2017).”
BackgroundShining primordial black holes
Hertzberg, M. P., Nurmi, S., Schiappacasse, E. D., & Yanagida, T. T. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.063025 · Cited by 21
Chemodynamical signatures of bar resonances in the Galactic disk: current data and future prospectsPreprint
Wheeler, A., Abril-Cabezas, I., Trick, W. H., Fragkoudi, F., & Ness, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7da0 · Cited by 21
Self-citationKoshimoto, N., Bennett, D. P., & Suzuki, D. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab8adf · Cited by 20
The structure of the Milky Way based on unWISE 3.4 μm integrated photometry
Mosenkov, A. V., Савченко, С. С., Smirnov, A. A., & Camps, P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2445 · Cited by 20
Tang, B., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Liu, C., Yu, J., Yan, H., Gao, Q., Shi, J., & Geisler, D. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7233 · Cited by 20
The Milky Way bar pattern speed using Hercules and Gaia DR3
Lucchini, S., D’Onghia, E., & Aguerri, J. A. L. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slae024 · Cited by 19
New insights into the origin and evolution of the old, metal-rich open cluster NGC 6791
Martinez-Medina, L. A., Gieles, M., Pichardo, B., & Peimbert, A. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2739 · Cited by 19
Metallicity dependence of the Hercules stream in Gaia/RAVE data – explanation by non-closed orbits
Hattori, K., Gouda, N., Tagawa, H., Sakai, N., Yano, T., Baba, J., & Kumamoto, J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz266 · Cited by 19
“For example, based on a numerical model which is designed to reproduce the observed spatial and velocity distribution of bulge/bar stars, Portail et al. (2017) argued that a slow patten speed of Ωbar = (39 ± 3.5) km s−1 kpc−1 is required to sustain the long bar.”
MethodInfluentialMade-to-measure modelling of observed galaxy dynamics
Bovy, J., Kawata, D., & Hunt, J. D. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2402 · Cited by 19
“M2M has been used successfully to model the dynamics of external galaxies (e.g., De Lorenzi et al. 2008) and of the barshaped inner Milky-Way region (e.g., Portail et al. 2017).”
MethodImpact of the Galactic bar on tidal streams within the Galactic disc
Thomas, G. F., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Laporte, C. F. P., Ibata, R., de Laverny, P., Hill, V., & Boily, C. M. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346650 · Cited by 20
Searching for ultralight dark matter through frequency modulation of gravitational waves
Blas, D., Gasparotto, S., & Vicente, R. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.042008 · Cited by 26
“[77] found evidence for an inner cored profile in the bulge (see also Ref.”
Self-consistent Bulge/Disk/Halo Galaxy Dynamical Modeling Using Integral Field Kinematics
Taranu, D. S., Obreschkow, D., Dubinski, J., Fogarty, L. M. R., van de Sande, J., Catinella, B., Cortese, L., Moffett, A. J., Robotham, A. S. G., Allen, J. T., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9221 · Cited by 18
“Portail et al. (2017) fit Milky Way data using a near-equilibrium M2M model with a disk, halo, bulge and bar, but at a significant computational cost of 190 CPU-hours for 25 iterations.”
MethodBar resonances and low angular momentum moving groups in the Galaxy revealed by their stellar ages
Laporte, C. F. P., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Hill, V., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038740/pdf · Cited by 18
Self-citationMichtchenko, T. A., Lépine, J. R. D., Barros, D. A., & Vieira, R. S. S. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833035/pdf · Cited by 20
Evidence of Systematic Errors in Spitzer Microlens Parallax Measurements
Koshimoto, N., & Bennett, D. P. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abaf4e · Cited by 17
“Portail et al. (2017) constructed a dynamical model of the bulge, with the aid of N-body simulations, and their model is consistent with the bulge star number counts from the VVV survey (Minniti et al. 2010) and spectroscopic surveys, such as BRAVA (Kunder et al. 2012).”
MethodInfluentialCombined Gemini-South and HST photometric analysis of the globular cluster NGC 6558
Souza, S. O., Libralato, M., Nardiello, D., Kerber, L. O., Ortolani, S., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Oliveira, R. A. P., Barbuy, B., Bica, E., Griggio, M., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450795 · Cited by 20
When Cold Radial Migration is Hot: Constraints from Resonant Overlap
Daniel, K. J., Schaffner, D. A., McCluskey, F., Kawaguchi, C. F., & Loebman, S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab341a · Cited by 17
Ibata, R., Diakogiannis, F. I., Famaey, B., & Monari, G. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfda9 · Cited by 17
Eckner, C., Hou, X., Serpico, P. D., Winter, M., Zaharijaš, G., Martin, P., Mauro, M. D., Mirabal, N., Petrovic, J., Prodanović, T., et al. (2018) · HAL · doi:10.13016/m211zx-2dc2 · Cited by 17
A2A: 21 000 bulge stars from the ARGOS survey with stellar parameters on the APOGEE scale
Wylie, S. M., Gerhard, O., Ness, M., Clarke, J. P., Freeman, K. C., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140990/pdf · Cited by 18
Self-citationAsymmetric eROSITA bubbles as the evidence of a circumgalactic medium wind
Mou, G., Sun, D., Fang, T., Wang, W., Zhang, R., Yuan, F., Sofue, Y., Wang, T., & He, Z. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36478-0 · Cited by 16
Modeling of Spiral Structure in a Multi-Component Milky Way-Like Galaxy
Khrapov, S. S., Khoperskov, A. V., & Korchagin, V. (2021) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies9020029 · Cited by 18
“[79], who derive a total dynamical mass for the bulge equal of 1.”
BackgroundMedian statistics estimate of the galactic rotational velocity
Camarillo, T., Dredger, P., & Ratra, B. (2018) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-018-3486-8 · Cited by 16
Nibauer, J., Bonaca, A., Spergel, D. N., Price-Whelan, A. M., Greene, J. E., Starkman, N., & Johnston, K. V. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb8e8 · Cited by 15
Steinmetz, M., Guiglion, G., McMillan, P., Matijevič, G., Enke, H., Kordopatis, G., Zwitter, T., Valentini, M., Chiappini, C., Casagrande, L., et al. (2020) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 15
Self-citationConstructing the Milky Way Stellar Halo in the Galactic Center by Direct Orbit Integration
Yang, C., Ling, Z., Tahmasebzadeh, B., Xue, X.-X., & Liu, C. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9900 · Cited by 15
Dynamical friction and feedback on galactic bars in the general fast–slow regime
Chiba, R. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2324 · Cited by 15
Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-Like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
Scherf, M., Lammer, H., & Sproß, L. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2023.0076 · Cited by 19
Inverse Compton emission from millisecond pulsars in the Galactic bulge
Song, D., Macías, O., & Horiuchi, S. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.123020 · Cited by 18
A first estimate of the Milky Way dark matter halo spin
Obreja, A., Buck, T., & Macciò, A. V. (2023) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140983e/pdf · Cited by 15
Koop, O., Antoja, T., Helmi, A., Callingham, T. M., & Laporte, C. F. P. (2024) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450911 · Cited by 14
Totani, T. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/080 · Cited by 14
“Some reports imply that a more core-like density profile than NFW better matches observational data for the MW halo [71, 72].”
GalMod: A Galactic Synthesis Population Model
Pasetto, S., Grebel, E. K., Chiosi, C., Crnojević, D., Zeidler, P., Busso, G., Cassara, L. P., Piovan, L., Tantalo, R., & Brogliato, C. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac1bb · Cited by 13
Griv, E., Gedalin, M., Shih, I. C., Hou, L.-G., & Jiang, I. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa357 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Portail, M., Gerhard, O., Wegg, C., & Ness, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Portail, Matthieu
- Gerhard, Ortwin
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-11-03
- Volume
- 465
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1621-1644
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2555440354
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 16.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Galactic bulge, galactic bars, bar pattern speed, red clump giants, stellar kinematics, effective potential, nuclear discs
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