A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
Open accessAbstract
We use high-resolution N -body simulations to study the equilibrium density profiles of dark matter halos in hierarchically clustering universes. We find that all such profiles have the same shape, independent of the halo mass, the initial density fluctuation spectrum, and the values of the cosmological parameters. Spherically averaged equilibrium profiles are well fitted over two decades in radius by a simple formula originally proposed to describe the structure of galaxy clusters in a cold dark matter universe. In any particular cosmology, the two scale parameters of the fit, the halo mass and its characteristic density, are strongly correlated. Low-mass halos are significantly denser than more massive systems, a correlation that reflects the higher collapse redshift of small halos. The characteristic density of an equilibrium halo is proportional to the density of the universe at the time it was assembled. A suitable definition of this assembly time allows the same proportionality constant to be used for all the cosmologies that we have tested. We compare our results with previous work on halo density profiles and show that there is good agreement. We also provide a step-by-step analytic procedure, based on the Press-Schechter formalism, that allows accurate equilibrium profiles to be calculated as a function of mass in any hierarchical model.
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The Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile is the canonical DM halo model emerging from collisionless N-body simulations of structure formation in ΛCDM.
“The Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile (Navarro et al., 1997) is the canonical DM halo model emerging from collisionless N -body simulations of structure formation in Λ CDM:”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Navarro et al., 1997
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“Given these masses (and redshift z = 0), we use the concentrationmass relation from Duffy et al. (2008) and the density profile from Navarro et al. (1997) to create the “synthetic” input data.”
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“The Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile (Navarro et al., 1997) is the canonical DM halo model emerging from collisionless N -body simulations of structure formation in Λ CDM: At small radii r ≪ r s , the density diverges as ρ ∝ r − 1 (a cusp); at large radii r ≫ r s , it falls as ρ ∝ r − 3 .”
- Authors
- Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Durham University (GB)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- ORCID
- White, Simon D. M.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 490
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 493-508
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2060003036
- Cited by
- 9,917
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 372 · 2025: 519 · 2024: 443 · 2023: 441 · 2022: 452 · 2021: 462 · 2020: 435 · 2019: 433 · 2018: 428 · 2017: 413 · 2016: 488 · 2015: 412 · 2014: 379 · 2013: 380 · 2012: 403
- FWCI
- 88.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- dark matter halos, hierarchical clustering, halo mass, cosmological parameters, Press-Schechter formalism, cold dark matter, galaxy clusters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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