The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Star formation rates and efficiencies in the Galactic Centre
Open accessAbstract
The inner few hundred parsecs of the Milky Way harbours gas densities, pressures, velocity dispersions, an interstellar radiation field and a cosmic ray ionisation rate orders of magnitude higher than the disc; akin to the environment found in star-forming galaxies at high-redshift. Previous studies have shown that this region is forming stars at a rate per unit mass of dense gas which is at least an order of magnitude lower than in the disc, potentially violating theoretical predictions. We show that all observational star formation rate diagnostics - both direct counting of young stellar objects and integrated light measurements - are in agreement within a factor two, hence the low star formation rate is not the result of the systematic uncertainties that affect any one method. As these methods trace the star formation over different timescales, from $0.1 - 5$ Myr, we conclude that the star formation rate has been constant to within a factor of a few within this time period. We investigate the progression of star formation within gravitationally bound clouds on $\sim$ parsec scales and find $1 - 4$ per cent of the cloud masses are converted into stars per free-fall time, consistent with a subset of the considered "volumetric" star formation models. However, discriminating between these models is obstructed by the current uncertainties on the input observables and, most importantly and urgently, by their dependence on ill-constrained free parameters. The lack of empirical constraints on these parameters therefore represents a key challenge in the further verification or falsification of current star formation theories.
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“Henshaw et al. (2022) note that the average SFR in the CMZ over the past ∼ 5 Myr is ∼ 0 . 07 M ⊙ yr -1 , and over the last 5 -100 Myr is ∼ 0 . 09 M ⊙ yr -1 and is almost an order of magnitude smaller than the expected SFR inside the CMZ based on the gas surface density (Longmore et al. 2013; Barnes et al. 2017; Henshaw et al. 2022) or dynamical modeling of the CMZ (Krumholz et al. 2017; Armillotta”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Barnes et al. 2017
In the citing paper
“Integrated IR emission of star-forming regions (resolved or unresolved) in the CMZ indicates an SFR of ∼ 0 . 1 M ⊙ yr -1 (YusefZadeh et al. 2009; Barnes et al. 2017).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Barnes et al. 2017
Citations
Cites
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Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
Bruzual, G. A., & Charlot, S. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x · Cited by 10,505
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
Chabrier, G. (2003) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/376392 · Cited by 9,071
On the variation of the initial mass function
Kroupa, P. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · Cited by 7,499
STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE
Kennicutt, R. C. (1998) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.189 · Cited by 6,578
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass FunctionPreprint
Chabrier, G. (2003) · Cited by 4,012
Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
Kennicutt, R. C., & Words, K. (1998) · Cited by 3,712
Mannings, V., Boss, A., & Russell, S. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6299 · Cited by 3,354
Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
Kennicutt, R. C., & Evans, N. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610 · Cited by 2,902 · cited 1×
“In order to estimate the total SFR across the CMZ, we apply several infrared luminosity-to-star formation rate (luminosity–SFR) relations to the bolometric and monochromatic infrared luminosities (see Kennicutt & Evans 2012, and references therein).”
MethodA synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way
Robin, A. C., Reylé, C., Derrière, S., & Picaud, S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031117 · Cited by 2,040
Research works printed but not linked: 10
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- 1997, The Messenger, 87, 27
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
Krumholz, M. R., McKee, C. F., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104430 · Cited by 716
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
Chevance, M., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Hygate, A., Schruba, A., Longmore, S., Groves, B., Henshaw, J., Herrera, C., Hughes, A., Jeffreson, S., et al. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3525 · Cited by 172
Self-citationFast and inefficient star formation due to short-lived molecular clouds and rapid feedback
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Schruba, A., Chevance, M., Longmore, S. N., Hygate, A. P. S., Haydon, D. T., McLeod, A. F., Dalcanton, J. J., Tacconi, L. J., & van Dishoeck, E. F. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1194-3 · Cited by 273
Self-citationThe Origin of Massive Stars: The Inertial-inflow Model
Padoan, P., Pan, L., Juvela, M. J., Haugbølle, T., & Nordlund, Å. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaa47 · Cited by 183
Metadata
- Authors
- Barnes, A. T., Longmore, S. N., Battersby, C., Bally, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Henshaw, J. D., & Walker, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Barnes, A. T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-04-21
- Volume
- 469
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 2263-2285
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2606765257
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KR4801/1-1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, star formation rate, star formation efficiency, dense gas, young stellar objects, integrated light, free-fall time, star formation models, Milky Way
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