Cited by 193Astrophysics and Star Formation StudiesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysical Phenomena and Observations

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Star formation rates and efficiencies in the Galactic Centre

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Barnes, A. T., Longmore, S. N., Battersby, C., Bally, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Henshaw, J. D., Walker, D. L.·2017·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI 10.1093/mnras/stx941

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Abstract

The inner few hundred parsecs of the Milky Way harbours gas densities, pressures, velocity dispersions, an interstellar radiation field and a cosmic ray ionisation rate orders of magnitude higher than the disc; akin to the environment found in star-forming galaxies at high-redshift. Previous studies have shown that this region is forming stars at a rate per unit mass of dense gas which is at least an order of magnitude lower than in the disc, potentially violating theoretical predictions. We show that all observational star formation rate diagnostics - both direct counting of young stellar objects and integrated light measurements - are in agreement within a factor two, hence the low star formation rate is not the result of the systematic uncertainties that affect any one method. As these methods trace the star formation over different timescales, from $0.1 - 5$ Myr, we conclude that the star formation rate has been constant to within a factor of a few within this time period. We investigate the progression of star formation within gravitationally bound clouds on $\sim$ parsec scales and find $1 - 4$ per cent of the cloud masses are converted into stars per free-fall time, consistent with a subset of the considered "volumetric" star formation models. However, discriminating between these models is obstructed by the current uncertainties on the input observables and, most importantly and urgently, by their dependence on ill-constrained free parameters. The lack of empirical constraints on these parameters therefore represents a key challenge in the further verification or falsification of current star formation theories.

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Authors: Barnes, A. T., Longmore, S. N., Battersby, C., Bally, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Henshaw, J. D., & Walker, D. L.
Affiliations: Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Heidelberg University (DE)
Corresponding author: Barnes, A. T.
ORCID: Barnes, A. T.
Longmore, S. N.
Battersby, C.
Bally, J.
Kruijssen, J. M. D.
Henshaw, J. D.
Walker, D. L.
Venue: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2017-04-21
Volume: 469
Issue: 2
Pages: 2263-2285
ISSN: 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
1365-2966
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx941
OpenAlex: W2606765257
Cited by: 193
References: 134
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 7
FWCI: 12.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Locations: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KR4801/1-1)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Keywords: Galactic Center, star formation rate, star formation efficiency, dense gas, young stellar objects, integrated light, free-fall time, star formation models, Milky Way

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Star formation rates and efficiencies in the Galactic Centre

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