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UniverseMachine: The correlation between galaxy growth and dark matter halo assembly from z = 0−10
Open accessAbstract
We present a method to flexibly and self-consistently determine individual galaxies’ star formation rates (SFRs) from their host haloes’ potential well depths, assembly histories, and redshifts. The method is constrained by galaxies’ observed stellar mass functions, SFRs (specific and cosmic), quenched fractions, ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions, UV–stellar mass relations, IRX–UV relations, auto- and cross-correlation functions (including quenched and star-forming subsamples), and quenching dependence on environment; each observable is reproduced over the full redshift range available, up to 0 < z < 10. Key findings include the following: galaxy assembly correlates strongly with halo assembly; quenching correlates strongly with halo mass; quenched fractions at fixed halo mass decrease with increasing redshift; massive quenched galaxies reside in higher-mass haloes than star-forming galaxies at fixed galaxy mass; star-forming and quenched galaxies’ star formation histories at fixed mass differ most at z < 0.5; satellites have large scatter in quenching time-scales after infall, and have modestly higher quenched fractions than central galaxies; Planck cosmologies result in up to 0.3 dex lower stellar – halo mass ratios at early times; and, none the less, stellar mass–halo mass ratios rise at z > 5. Also presented are revised stellar mass – halo mass relations for all, quenched, star-forming, central, and satellite galaxies; the dependence of star formation histories on halo mass, stellar mass, and galaxy SSFR; quenched fractions and quenching time-scale distributions for satellites; and predictions for higher-redshift galaxy correlation functions and weak lensing surface densities. The public data release (DR1) includes the massively parallel (>105 cores) implementation (the UniverseMachine), the newly compiled and remeasured observational data, derived galaxy formation constraints, and mock catalogues including lightcones.
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“(which is on the low side of, but consistent with the predictions for Milky Way-mass galaxies by Behroozi et al. 2019 and Moster et al. 2019, who find 1 5 10 9 M )”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Behroozi et al. 2019
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Cold Gas in Massive Galaxies as a Critical Test of Black Hole Feedback Models
Shi, J., Peng, Y., Diemer, B., Stevens, A. R. H., Pillepich, A., Renzini, A., Dou, J., Gao, Y., Gu, Q., Ho, L. C., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac51d5 · Cited by 11
Exploration of 3D wavelet scattering transform coefficients for line-intensity mapping measurements
Chung, D. T. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2662 · Cited by 11
Lin, X., Zheng, Z., & Cai, Z. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac82e8 · Cited by 11
Relating galaxies across different redshift to study galaxy evolution
Wang, K., Mo, H. J., Li, C., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad262 · Cited by 11
Reeves, A. M. M., Hudson, M. J., & Oman, K. A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1069 · Cited by 11
Cosmic Sands: The Origin of Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
Lower, S., Narayanan, D., Li, Q., & Davé, R. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/accf8c · Cited by 11
On the expected purity of photometric galaxy surveys targeting the Cosmic Dawn
Furlanetto, S. R., & Mirocha, J. T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1799 · Cited by 11
LIMpy: A Semianalytic Approach to Simulating Multiline Intensity Maps at Millimeter Wavelengths
Roy, A., Valentín-Martínez, D., Wang, K., Battaglia, N., & van Engelen, A. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acf92f · Cited by 11
AGN radiation imprints on the circumgalactic medium of massive galaxies
Obreja, A., Battaia, F. A., Macciò, A. V., & Buck, T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3410 · Cited by 11
O’Donnell, C., Behroozi, P., & More, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3654 · Cited by 11
Self-citationSeo, G., Sohn, J., & Lee, M. G. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbd92 · Cited by 12
Dunne, D. A., Webb, T. M. A., Noble, A., Lidman, C. E., Shipley, H., Muzzin, A., Wilson, G., & Yee, H. K. C. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abeb6f · Cited by 11
The Anisotropic Circumgalactic Medium of Massive Early-type Galaxies
Zhang, H., & Zaritsky, D. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9c64 · Cited by 11
Late-formed haloes prefer to host quiescent central galaxies – I. Observational results
Wang, K., Chen, Y., Li, Q., & Yang, X. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1175 · Cited by 11
Cooper, R. A., Caputi, K. I., Iani, E., Rinaldi, P., Desprez, G., & Navarro-Carrera, R. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0580 · Cited by 10
Liang, J., Jiang, F., Mo, H. J., Benson, A., Dekel, A., Tavron, N., Hopkins, P. F., & Ho, L. C. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf947 · Cited by 10
ELUCID. VIII. Simulating the Coma Galaxy Cluster to Calibrate Model and Understand Feedback
Luo, X., Wang, H.-Y., Cui, W., Mo, H.-J., Li, R.-J., Jing, Y.-P., Katz, N., Davé, R., Yang, X.-H., Chen, Y.-Y., et al. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad392e · Cited by 3
Equilibrium States of Galactic Atmospheres. II. Interpretation and Implications
Voit, G. M., Carr, C., Fielding, D. B., Pandya, V., Bryan, G. L., Donahue, M. E., Oppenheimer, B. D., & Somerville, R. S. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad81d5 · Cited by 10
MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW)
Cherrey, M., Bouché, N., Zabl, J., Schroetter, I., Wendt, M., Langan, I., Schaye, J., Wisotzki, L., Guo, Y., & Pessa, I. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451165 · Cited by 10
Wang, W., Breuck, C. D., Wylezalek, D., Vernet, J., Lehnert, M. D., Stern, D. K., Rupke, D. S. N., Nesvadba, N. P. H., Vayner, A., Zakamska, N. L., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553668 · Cited by 10
Diverse Pathways for Supermassive Black Hole–Galaxy Coevolution
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Upadhyay, A. K., Oman, K. A., & Trager, S. C. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141036 · Cited by 10
Rapid simulations of halo and subhalo clustering
Berner, P., Refregier, A. R., Sgier, R., Kacprzak, T., Tortorelli, L., & Monaco, P. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/11/002 · Cited by 10
Mock galaxy surveys for HST and JWST from the IllustrisTNG simulations
Snyder, G. F., Peña, T., Yung, L. Y. A., Rose, C., Kartaltepe, J. S., & Ferguson, H. C. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3397 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Behroozi, P., Wechsler, R. H., Hearin, A. P., & Conroy, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Behroozi, Peter
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-05-02
- Volume
- 488
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3143-3194
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2809045192
- Cited by
- 1,243
- References
- 337
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 222 · 2024: 207 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 66
- FWCI
- 70.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS5-26555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (HST-HF2-51353.001-A)
- National Science Foundation (1066293, PHY11-25915)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE-AC02-76SF00515)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
- University of Arizona
- University of California
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Carnegie Mellon University
- University of Florida
- Harvard University
- Johns Hopkins University
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- New Mexico State University
- New York University
- Ohio State University
- Pennsylvania State University
- University of Portsmouth
- Princeton University
- University of Tokyo
- University of Utah
- Vanderbilt University
- University of Virginia
- University of Washington
- Yale University
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Australian Respiratory Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- galaxy growth, star formation rate, galaxy quenching, stellar mass-halo mass relation, galaxy correlation function, stellar mass function, quenched fraction, star formation history, stellar mass surface density, high-redshift galaxy evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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