Signal Conflicts in the Phylogeny of the Primary Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
Open accessAbstract
It is widely accepted that the first photosynthetic eukaryotes arose from a single primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium in a phagotrophic eukaryotic host, which led to the emergence of three major lineages: Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), Rhodophyta, and Glaucophyta. For a long time, Glaucophyta have been thought to represent the earliest branch among them. However, recent massive phylogenomic analyses of nuclear genes have challenged this view, because most of them suggested a basal position of Rhodophyta, though with moderate statistical support. We have addressed this question by phylogenomic analysis of a large data set of 124 proteins transferred from the chloroplast to the nuclear genome of the three Archaeplastida lineages. In contrast to previous analyses, we found strong support for the basal emergence of the Chloroplastida and the sister-group relationship of Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta. Moreover, the reanalysis of chloroplast gene sequences using methods more robust against compositional and evolutionary rate biases sustained the same result. Finally, we observed that the basal position of Rhodophyta found in the phylogenies based on nuclear genes depended on the sampling of sequences used as outgroup. When eukaryotes supposed to have never had plastids (animals and fungi) were used, the analysis strongly supported the early emergence of Glaucophyta instead of Rhodophyta. Therefore, there is a conflicting signal between genes of different evolutionary origins supporting either the basal branching of Glaucophyta or of Chloroplastida within the Archaeplastida. This second possibility would agree with the existence of the subkingdom Biliphyta, joining Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Microalgal species being investigated as potential biofuel crops originate from groups whose ancestral relationships are significantly broader than the most diverse land plants, providing a wealth of genetic diversity.
“The microalgal species being investigated as potential biofuel crops originate from groups whose ancestral relationships are significantly broader than the most diverse land plants, providing a wealth of genetic diversity [20,21].”
From Biofuels from algae: Challenges and potential (2010) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: TREEFINDER: a powerful graphical analysis environment for molecular phylogenetics
Jobb, G., von Haeseler, A., & Strimmer, K. (2004) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-18 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
RetractedGapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
Altschul, S. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389 · Cited by 73,302 · see citing works
MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput
Edgar, R. C. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkh340 · Cited by 44,662 · see citing works
Selection of Conserved Blocks from Multiple Alignments for Their Use in Phylogenetic Analysis
Castresana, J. (2000) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334 · Cited by 10,447 · see citing works
An Improved General Amino Acid Replacement Matrix
Le, S. Q., & Gascuel, O. (2008) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msn067 · Cited by 3,127 · see citing works
An approximately unbiased test of phylogenetic tree selection
Shimodaira, H. (2002) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1080/10635150290069913 · Cited by 2,791 · see citing works
TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing
Schmidt, H. A., Strimmer, K., Vingron, M., & von Haeseler, A. (2002) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.3.502 · Cited by 2,512 · see citing works
The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists
Adl, S., Simpson, A., Farmer, M. A., Andersen, R., Anderson, O., Barta, J. R., Bowser, S., Brugerolle, G., Fensome, R., Fredericq, S., et al. (2005) · Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x · Cited by 1,749 · see citing works
A Bayesian Mixture Model for Across-Site Heterogeneities in the Amino-Acid Replacement Process
Lartillot, N., & Philippe, H. (2004) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msh112 · Cited by 1,516 · see citing works
Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts
Martin, W., Stoebe, B., Goremykin, V., Hansmann, S., Hasegawa, M., & Kowallik, K. V. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30234 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Lartillot, N., Brinkmann, H., & Philippe, H. (2007) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-s1-s4 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Gould, S. B., Waller, R. F., & McFadden, G. I. (2008) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Monophyly of Primary Photosynthetic Eukaryotes: Green Plants, Red Algae, and Glaucophytes
Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta, N., Brinkmann, H., Burey, S. C., Roure, B., Burger, G., Löffelhardt, W., Bohnert, H. J., Philippe, H., & Lang, B. F. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.040 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
The Origin and Establishment of the Plastid in Algae and Plants
Reyes-Prieto, A., Weber, A. P. M., & Bhattacharya, D. (2007) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130134 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Tracing the Thread of Plastid Diversity through the Tapestry of Life
Delwiche, C. F. (1999) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303291 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts
Moreira, D., Guyader, H. L., & Philippe, H. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35011054 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Self-citationDetecting and Overcoming Systematic Errors in Genome-Scale Phylogenies
Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, N., Brinkmann, H., Roure, B., Lartillot, N., Lang, B. F., & Philippe, H. (2007) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1080/10635150701397643 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Trichomonas hydrogenosomes contain the NADH dehydrogenase module of mitochondrial complex I
Hrdy, I., Hirt, R. P., Dolezal, P., Bardonová, L., Foster, P. G., Tachezy, J., & Martin Embley, T. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03149 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Phylogenomics reveals a new ‘megagroup’ including most photosynthetic eukaryotes
Burki, F., Shalchian‐Tabrizi, K., & Pawlowski, J. W. (2008) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Early–branching or fast–evolving eukaryotes? An answer based on slowly evolving positions
Philippe, H., Lopez, P., Brinkmann, H., Budin, K., Germot, A., Laurent, J., Moreira, D., Müller, M., & Guyader, H. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1130 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationWaddell, P. J., & Steel, M. (1997) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0452 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Hackett, J. D., Yoon, H. S., Li, S., Reyes‐Prieto, A., Rümmele, S. E., & Bhattacharya, D. (2007) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msm089 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Cavalier‐Smith, T. (1982) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02023.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Testing Congruence in Phylogenomic Analysis
Leigh, J., Susko, E., Baumgärtner, M., & Roger, A. J. (2008) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1080/10635150801910436 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Howe, C. J., Barbrook, A. C., Nisbet, R. E. R., Lockhart, P. J., & Larkum, A. W. D. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Toward Resolving the Eukaryotic Tree: The Phylogenetic Positions of Jakobids and Cercozoans
Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta, N., Brinkmann, H., Burger, G., Roger, A. J., Gray, M. W., Philippe, H., & Lang, B. F. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.036 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Takahara, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Hasegawa, M., Shin‐I, T., Kohara, Y., Ogasawara, N., & Kuroiwa, T. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2419-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bachvaroff, T. R., Sanchez-Puerta, M. V., & Delwiche, C. F. (2005) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msi172 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Pfanzagl, B., Zenker, A., Pittenauer, E., Allmaier, G., Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J. L., Schmid, E. R., de Pedro, M. A., & Löffelhardt, W. (1996) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.178.2.332-339.1996 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
HELMCHEN, T., Bhattacharya, D., & Melkonian, M. (1995) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00170674 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Phylogeny of Calvin cycle enzymes supports Plantae monophyly
Reyes‐Prieto, A., & Bhattacharya, D. (2007) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.026 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Lateral Transfer and Recompartmentalization of Calvin Cycle Enzymes of Plants and Algae
Rogers, M. B., & Keeling, P. J. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2558-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Reyes‐Prieto, A., & Bhattacharya, D. (2007) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msm186 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Are Red Algae Plants? A Critical Evaluation of Three Key Molecular Data Sets
Stiller, J. W., Riley, J., & Hall, B. D. (2001) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s002390010183 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pathway of Cytosolic Starch Synthesis in the Model Glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa
Plancke, C., Colleoni, C., Deschamps, P., Dauvillée, D., Nakamura, Y., Haebel, S., Ritte, G., Steup, M., Buléon, A., Putaux, J., et al. (2007) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00373-07 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationProbabilistic Analysis Indicates Discordant Gene Trees in Chloroplast Evolution
Vogl, C., Badger, J. H., Kearney, P., Li, M., Clegg, M. T., & Jiang, T. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2404-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sure facts and open questions about the origin and evolution of photosynthetic plastids
Moreira, D., & Philippe, H. (2001) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0923-2508(01)01260-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationInagaki, Y., Nakajima, Y., Sato, M., Sakaguchi, M., & Hashimoto, T. (2009) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msp036 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biofuels from algae: Challenges and potential
Hannon, M., Gimpel, J., Tran, M., Rasala, B., & Mayfield, S. (2010) · Biofuels · doi:10.4155/bfs.10.44 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Chloroplast genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes
Green, B. R. (2011) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04541.x · Cited by 390 · see citing works
An Early-Branching Freshwater Cyanobacterium at the Origin of Plastids
Ponce-Toledo, R. I., Deschamps, P., López‐García, P., Zivanovic, Y., Benzerara, K., & Moreira, D. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.056 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationBaurain, D., Brinkmann, H., Petersen, J., Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta, N., Stechmann, A., Demoulin, V., Roger, A. J., Burger, G., Lang, B. F., & Philippe, H. (2010) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msq059 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Evolutionary trends in RuBisCO kinetics and their co‐evolution with CO 2 concentrating mechanisms
Íñiguez, C., Capó‐Bauçà, S., Niinemets, Ü., Stoll, H. M., Aguiló‐Nicolau, P., & Galmés, J. (2019) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.14643 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Do Red and Green Make Brown?: Perspectives on Plastid Acquisitions within Chromalveolates
Dorrell, R. G., & Smith, A. G. (2011) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00326-10 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cavalier‐Smith, T., Chao, E. E. Y., Snell, E. A., Berney, C., Fiore‐Donno, A. M., & Lewis, R. (2014) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Indicate a Deep Origin of Primary Plastids within Cyanobacteria
Criscuolo, A., & Gribaldo, S. (2011) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msr108 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E., & Lewis, R. (2018) · Protoplasma · doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Blank, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12111 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cavalier‐Smith, T., Chao, E. E. Y., & Lewis, R. (2015) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Diversity and Evolution of Algae
Clerck, O. D., Bogaert, K. A., & Leliaert, F. (2012) · Advances in botanical research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391499-6.00002-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Green, B. R. (2010) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1007/s11120-010-9584-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cavalier‐Smith, T., Chao, E. E. Y., & Lewis, R. (2016) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
From cyanobacteria to plants: conservation of PII functions during plastid evolution
Chellamuthu, V. R., Alva, V., & Forchhammer, K. (2012) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-012-1801-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Plastid Origin and Evolution: New Models Provide Insights into Old Problems
Chan, C. X., Gross, J., Yoon, H. S., & Bhattacharya, D. (2011) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.111.173500 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Applications of next-generation sequencing to unravelling the evolutionary history of algae.
Kim, K., Park, J.-H., Bhattacharya, D., & Yoon, H. (2014) · International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology · doi:10.1099/ijs.0.054221-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Phylogenomic Insights into the Origin of Primary Plastids
Irisarri, I., Strassert, J. F. H., & Burki, F. (2021) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab036 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hernandez, A. M., & Ryan, J. F. (2019) · doi:10.1101/729103 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Glaucophyta: the blue-green plants in a nutshell
Jackson, C. J., Clayden, S. L., & Reyes‐Prieto, A. (2015) · Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae · doi:10.5586/asbp.2015.020 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Petitjean, C., Moreira, D., López‐García, P., & Brochier‐Armanet, C. (2012) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-226 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationJackson, C. J., & Reyes‐Prieto, A. (2014) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evu218 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Vinogradov, S. N., Fernández, I., Hoogewijs, D., & Arredondo‐Peter, R. (2010) · Molecular Plant · doi:10.1093/mp/ssq040 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mackiewicz, P., & Gagat, P. (2014) · Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae · doi:10.5586/asbp.2014.044 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fossils, Feeding, and the Evolution of Complex Multicellularity
Knoll, A. H., & Lahr, D. J. G. (2016) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/10525.003.0006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cavalier‐Smith, T. (2021) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ponce-Toledo, R. I., Moreira, D., López-García, P., & Deschamps, P. (2018) · Molecular biology and evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msy121 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLang, B. F., & Nedelcu, A. M. (2012) · Advances in photosynthesis and respiration · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2920-9_3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Figueroa-Martínez, F., Jackson, C. J., & Reyes-Prieto, A. (2018) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evy268 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Phylogenomic analysis of glycogen branching and debranching enzymatic duo
Zmasek, C. M., & Godzik, A. (2014) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0183-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lateral Gene Transfer in Evolution
Gophna, U. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7780-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A contemplation on the secondary origin of green algal and plant plastids
Kim, E., & Maruyama, S. (2014) · Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae · doi:10.5586/asbp.2014.040 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Contrasting patterns in the evolution of the Rab GTPase family in Archaeplastida
Vargová, R., & Eliáš, M. (2014) · Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae · doi:10.5586/asbp.2014.052 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Oxygenic photosynthesis and the distribution of chloroplasts
Gantt, E. (2010) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1007/s11120-010-9605-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Price, D. C., Steiner, J. M., Yoon, H. S., Bhattacharya, D., & Löffelhardt, W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_42 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Comparative Plastid Genomics of Glaucophytes
Reyes-Prieto, A., Russell, S., Figueroa-Martínez, F., & Jackson, C. J. (2018) · Advances in botanical research · doi:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Protist Evolution and Phylogeny
Pawlowski, J. W. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001935.pub2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Antenna replacement in the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts
Stadnichuk, I. N., & Tropin, I. V. (2014) · Microbiology · doi:10.1134/s0026261714030163 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Price, D. C., Steiner, J. M., Yoon, H. S., Bhattacharya, D., & Löffelhardt, W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Phylogenomic frameworks from deep archaeplastid evolution to embryophyte diversification
Baştürk, M. N., Kunz, C. F., Darienko, T., Pröschold, T., de Vries, J., & Chen, H. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.03.019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wincker, P. (2019) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0555-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Algal Biomass to Bio-Energy: Recent Advances
Kumar, S. (2019) · Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health · doi:10.18311/jeoh/2019/23376 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploiting Local Algal Diversity for Bio-Diesel Production
Kumari, N. (2017) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eme, L. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f6a87363z8acaz4487z93e0z57bc870cf584 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evolution of bacterial ribosomal protein L1
Duax, W. L., Huether, R., & Dziak, D. (2012) · International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications · doi:10.1504/ijbra.2012.045979
Lateral Gene Transfer and the Evolution of Photosynthesis in Eukaryotes
Slamovits, C. H., & Reyes‐Prieto, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7780-8_2
Introduction: Values of Pollution-Free Atmosphere
Bhat, R. A., Singh, D. V., Tonelli, F. M. P., & Hakeem, K. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94074-4_1
Evaluating Algae Based Biofuels as a Replacement for Vehicular Fossil Fuels
Agrawal, M. (2024) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/sr24807201217
Anand, S., & Padmanabhan, P. (2025) · Advances in sustainability science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5198-6_8
Origins and early evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes
Toledo, R. (2018) · doi:10.70675/e80da54ez4400z4af2z90ccza6b6fb5b6bc7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Deschamps, P., & Moreira, D.
- Affiliations
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Venue
- Molecular Biology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-08-25
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2745-2753
- ISSN
- 0737-4038 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-1719
- OpenAlex
- W1973201874
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Biology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant Diversity and Evolution
- Keywords
- primary endosymbiosis, Archaeplastida, Glaucophyta, red algae, plastid evolution, phylogenomics, nuclear genes, chloroplast genes, outgroup selection, green algae
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bayes Theorem, Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Genetic Markers, Photosynthesis, Phylogeny, Proteins, Symbiosis, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
