Cited by 166Bacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyGenomics and Phylogenetic StudiesChromosomal and Genetic Variations

Gene essentiality determines chromosome organisation in bacteria

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Rocha, E. P. C.·2003·Nucleic Acids Research

Abstract

In Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, essentiality, not expressivity, drives the distribution of genes between the two replicating strands. Although essential genes tend to be coded in the leading replicating strand, the underlying selective constraints and the evolutionary extent of these findings have still not been subject to comparative studies. Here, we extend our previous analysis to the genomes of low G + C firmicutes and gamma-proteobacteria, and in a second step to all sequenced bacterial genomes. The inference of essentiality by homology allows us to show that essential genes are much more frequent in the leading strand than other genes, even when compared with non- essential highly expressed genes. Smaller biases were found in the genomes of obligatory intracellular bacteria, for which the assignment of essentiality by homology from fast growing free-living bacteria is most problematic. Cross-comparisons used to assess potential errors in the assignment of essentiality by homology revealed that, in most cases, variations in the assignment criteria have little influence on the overall results. Essential genes tend to be more conserved in the leading strand than average genes, which is consistent with selection for this positioning and may impose a strong constraint on chromosomal rearrangements. These results indicate that essentiality plays a fundamental role in the distribution of genes in most bacterial genomes.

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  • A single-nucleotide mutation in an essential gene can be incompatible with life if it disrupts that gene's expression or function.

    “even a single-nucleotide mutation in an essential gene can be incompatible with life if it disrupts that gene’s expression or function (72).”

    From Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo (2024) · cites this paper as [72]

    The Introduction describes essential genes as serving indispensable cellular functions and discusses identifying them through gene inactivation. The ‘Essentiality drives gene strand bias’ section says nonfunctional peptides are especially counter-selected in essential functions. Neither section addresses whether a single-nucleotide mutation disrupting an essential gene’s expression or function can be incompatible with life. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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  1. Rocha,E.P.C. and Danchin,A. (2003) An analysis of determinants of protein substitution rates in bacteria. Mol. Biol. Evol., in press.

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Authors
Rocha, E. P. C.
Affiliations
Institut Pasteur (FR)
Corresponding author
Rocha, E. P. C.
Venue
Nucleic Acids Research
Published
2003-11-15
Volume
31
Issue
22
Pages
6570-6577
ISSN
  • 0305-1048 (ISSN-L)
  • 1362-4962
OpenAlex
W2160736206
Cited by
166
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI
3.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nucleic Acids Research (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Keywords
gene essentiality, chromosome organization, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, gene expression, chromosomal rearrangements, obligate intracellular bacteria, low G+C Gram-positive bacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, comparative genomics
MeSH terms
Bacillus subtilis, Bacteria, Base Composition, Chromosomes, Bacterial, DNA Replication, DNA, Bacterial, Escherichia coli, Genes, Bacterial, Haemophilus influenzae, Genome, Bacterial, Genes, Essential, Mycoplasma genitalium

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