Cited by 1,513Body Composition Measurement TechniquesObesity, Physical Activity, DietDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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How Useful Is Body Mass Index for Comparison of Body Fatness across Age, Sex, and Ethnic Groups?

Gallagher, D., Visser, M., Sepulveda, D., Pierson, R. N., Harris, T., Heymsfield, S. B.·1996·American Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008733

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Abstract

This study tested the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) is representative of body fatness independent of age, sex, and ethnicity. Between 1986 and 1992, the authors studied a total of 202 black and 504 white men and women who resided in or near New York City, were ages 20-94 years, and had BMIs of 18-35 kg/m2. Total body fat, expressed as a percentage of body weight (BF%), was assessed using a four-compartment body composition model that does not rely on assumptions known to be age, sex, or ethnicity dependent. Statistically significant age dependencies were observed in the BF%-BMI relations in all four sex and ethnic groups (p values < 0.05-0.001) with older persons showing a higher BF% compared with younger persons with comparable BMIs. Statistically significant sex effects were also observed in BF%-BMI relations within each ethnic group (p values < 0.001) after controlling first for age. For an equivalent BMI, women have significantly greater amounts of total body fat than do men throughout the entire adult life span. Ethnicity did not significantly influence the BF%-BMI relation after controlling first for age and sex even though both black women and men had longer appendicular bone lengths relative to stature (p values < 0.001 and 0.02, respectively) compared with white women and men. Body mass index alone accounted for 25% of between-individual differences in body fat percentage for the 706 total subjects; adding age and sex as independent variables to the regression model increased the variance (r2) to 67%. These results suggest that BMI is age and sex dependent when used as an indicator of body fatness, but that it is ethnicity independent in black and white adults.

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Authors: Gallagher, D., Visser, M., Sepulveda, D., Pierson, R. N., Harris, T., & Heymsfield, S. B.
Affiliations: St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
Wageningen University & Research (NL)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Gallagher, D.
ORCID: Gallagher, D.
Visser, M.
Pierson, R. N.
Harris, T.
Heymsfield, S. B.
Venue: American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1996-02-01
Volume: 143
Issue: 3
Pages: 228-239
ISSN: 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
1476-6256
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008733
OpenAlex: W2146056535
Cited by: 1,513
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 10.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P01-DK37352)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: body mass index, body fat percentage, body composition, age differences, sex differences, ethnic differences, Black and White adults, four-compartment model, obesity indices
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Body Mass Index

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How Useful Is Body Mass Index for Comparison of Body Fatness across Age, Sex, and Ethnic Groups?

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