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THE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SIZE RESPONSE TO UPPER ARM,UNILATERAL RESISTANCE TRAINING AMONG ADULTS WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE
Open accessAbstract
Overweight and obesity result in musculoskeletal impairments that limit exercise capacity. We examined if the muscle strength and size response to resistance training (RT) differed among 687 young (mean +/- SEM, 24.2 +/- 0.2 years) overweight and obese (OW) compared to normal weight (NW) adults as denoted by the body mass index (BMI). Subjects were 449 NW (22.0 +/- 0.1 kg.m(-2), 23.4 +/- 0.3 years) and 238 OW (29.2 +/- 0.2 kg.m(-2), 25.6 +/- 0.4 years) men (n = 285) and women (n = 402) who underwent 12 weeks (2 d.wk(-1)) of RT of the nondominant arm. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) assessed peak elbow flexor strength. Magnetic resonance imaging measured the biceps muscle cross sectional area (CSA). Multiple dependent variable analysis of covariance tested if muscle strength and size differed among BMI groups pre-, post-, and pre-to-post-RT. Overweight and obese had greater MVC, 1RM, and CSA than NW pre- and post-RT (p < 0.001). Maximum voluntary contraction and 1RM gains were not different between BMI groups pre- to post-RT (p >or= 0.05). When adjusted for baseline values, NW had greater relative MVC (21.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 17.4 +/- 1.4%) and 1RM (54.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 49.0 +/- 2.0%) increases than OW (p < 0.05). Normal weight also had greater allometric MVC (0.48 +/- 0.02 kg.kg(-0.67) vs. 0.40 +/- 0.03 kg.kg(-0.67)) and 1RM (0.25 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.01 kg.kg(-0.67)) gains than OW (p < 0.05). CSA gains were greater among OW than NW (3.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1 cm(2)) (p < 0.001); however, relative CSA increases were not different between BMI groups (19.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 18.4 +/- 0.7%) (p >or= 0.05). Despite similar relative muscle size increases, relative and allometic strength gains were less among OW than NW. These findings indicate the short-term relative and allometric muscle strength response to RT may be attenuated among adults who are overweight and obese.
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Young adults with higher BMI and greater SAT surrounding the bicep exhibited an attenuated gain in bicep strength with RT, despite a similar relative increase in muscle size as in those who were normal weight or had less SAT.
“For example, young adults with higher BMI and greater SAT surrounding the bicep exhibited an attenuated gain in bicep strength with RT, despite a similar relative increase in muscle size as in those who were normal weight or had less SAT (19,20).”
From Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
The Abstract reports that young adults in the higher-BMI group had smaller relative strength gains after resistance training, despite similar relative increases in biceps muscle size. It does not report a comparison based on subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) surrounding the biceps; it also says unadjusted strength gains did not differ between BMI groups. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Citations
Cites
How Useful Is Body Mass Index for Comparison of Body Fatness across Age, Sex, and Ethnic Groups?
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Resistance exercise decreases skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor α in frail elderly humans
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“Furthermore, our results are in accord with reports that excess body mass reduces submaximal and maximal aerobic capacity (19, 28) and impairs the ability to perform activities of daily living (16, 21, 28, 34).”
ResultHansen, S., Kvorning, T., Kjær, M., & Sjøgaard, G. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110606.x · Cited by 203 · cited 1×
“(15) found increased amounts of circulating growth hormone were positively related to gains in muscle strength and size to RT among young, untrained men who were normal weight.”
BackgroundBasic disturbances in skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Blaak, E. E. (2004) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2004361 · Cited by 83
Weight Loss and Exercise: Implications for Muscle Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Action
BERGGREN, J. R., HULVER, M. W., DOHM, G. L., & HOUMARD, J. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000074670.03001.98 · Cited by 79
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van Baak, M. A., Pramono, A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Busetto, L., Carraça, E. V., Dicker, D., Encantado, J., Ermolao, A., et al. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13239 · Cited by 169
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Villareal, D. T., Smith, G. I., Sinacore, D. R., Shah, K., & Mittendorfer, B. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.110 · Cited by 140
“In addition, there is some evidence that the resistant exercise–induced increases in muscle mass and strength are blunted in young, obese compared with young, lean individuals (17,18).”
BackgroundMethodImpaired protein metabolism: interlinks between obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation
Guillet, C., Masgrau, A., Walrand, S., & Boirie, Y. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01037.x · Cited by 118
Peterson, M. D., Liu, D., Gordish-Dressman, H., Hubal, M. J., Pistilli, E., Angelopoulos, T. J., Clarkson, P. M., Moyna, N. M., Pescatello, L. S., Seip, R. L., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.257 · Cited by 39
Self-citationOrange, S. T., Madden, L. A., & Vince, R. V. (2020) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2020.09.009 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Pescatello, L. S., Kelsey, B. K., Price, T. B., Seip, R. L., Angelopoulos, T. J., Clarkson, P. M., Gordon, P. M., Moyna, N. M., Visich, P. S., Zoeller, R. F., Gordish-Dressman, H. A., Bilbie, S. M., Thompson, P. D., & Hoffman, E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Hartford Hospital (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- West Virginia University (US)
- Dublin City University (IE)
- Central Michigan University (US)
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- Children's National (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 307
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4287
- OpenAlex
- W2022931375
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS040606)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- resistance training, obesity, overweight, muscle strength, muscle size, biceps brachii, elbow flexor strength, muscle cross-sectional area, allometric scaling, body mass index, young adults, sex differences, muscle hypertrophy, exercise capacity, musculoskeletal impairment, body composition, fat-free mass, fat mass, lean body mass
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arm, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Muscle Contraction, Obesity, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Overweight, Muscle Strength
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