INTERACTION BETWEEN CIGARETTE SMOMNG AND DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE PREDICTION OF DEATH ATTRIBUTED TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adults with diabetes is independent of heart disease risk factors and have suggested that the effect of these risk factors is similar in diabetics compared with nondiabetics. To determine whether there was interaction between diabetes and the classic heart disease risk factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and cigarette smoking) in the prediction of cardiovascular death, the etiologic fraction due to interaction was assessed in a nine-year follow-up of 2,620 older Caucasian adults (60-79 years) who resided in Rancho Bernardo, California, 8.7% of whom had diabetes by history of fasting hyperglycemia. In these older adults, the frequency of categoric hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or current cigarette smoking did not differ significantly among diabetics compared with nondiabetics. Overall, the age-adjusted relative cardiovascular mortality risk among diabetics was similar to that in nondiabetics for all risk factors except cigarette smoking, for which the relative risk for diabetics was 2.2 compared with 1.2 for nondiabetics. High cholesterol and systolic blood pressure levels showed no interaction with diabetes, but cigarette smoking had a large and significant interaction with diabetes, such that an estimated 65% of the cardiovascular disease deaths among diabetics could be attributed to the interaction of diabetes and cigarette smoking. If confirmed, these data have important implications for the prevention of cardiovascular death in older diabetics.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Results from epidemiologic, case-control, and cohort studies provide convincing evidence to support the causal link between cigarette smoking and health risks.
“Results from epidemiologic, case-control, and cohort studies provide convincing evidence to support the causal link between cigarette smoking and health risks (279).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [279]
Cites
Diabetes and Glucose Tolerance as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study
Kannel, W. B., & McGee, D. L. (1979) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.2.2.120 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Criqui, M. H., Barrett-Connor, E. L., & Austin, M. A. (1978) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112633 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationCriqui, M. H., Wallace, R. B., HEISS, G. M., Mishkel, M. A., Schonfeld, G., & Gt, J. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The Relationship of Cardiovascular Disease to Hyperglycemia
Ostrander, L. D., FRANCIS, T., HAYNER, N. S., KJELSBERG, M. O., & EPSTEIN, F. H. (1965) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-62-6-1188 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1980) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112948 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationROLE OF RISK FACTORS IN COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS1
Dupree, E. A., & MEYER, M. B. (1980) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112959 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A COMMUNITY STUDY OF HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS IN ADULT NONINSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETICS
Barrett-Connor, E. L., Witztum, J. L., & Holdbrook, M. J. (1983) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113529 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationProportion of Disease Attributable to the Combined Effect of Two Factors
Walker, A. M. (1981) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/10.1.81 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hyperglycemia and Arterial Disease
KEEN, H., Jarrett, R. J., Fuller, J., & McCartney, P. (1981) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.30.2.s49 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
HEISS, G. M., Haskell, W. L., Mowery, R. L., Criqui, M. H., Brockway, M. J., & Tyroler, H. A. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Blood glucose and risk of coronary heart disease.
Ostrander, L. D., Lamphiear, D. E., Carman, W. J., & Williams, G. W. (1981) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.1.1.33 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
METHODS FOR DETERMINING LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IN A POPULATION BASED STUDY1
Austin, M. A., BERREYESA, S., ELLIOTT, J. L., Wallace, R. B., Barrett-Connor, E. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112856 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., Wentworth, D., & The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 · Cited by 4,063 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Progression of Atherosclerosis
Howard, G. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.2.119 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
5. Lifestyle Management:<i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s005 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
4. Lifestyle Management: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018</i>
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s004 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
The Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction
Manson, J. E., Tosteson, H., Ridker, P. M., Satterfield, S., Hebert, P., O'Connor, G. T., Buring, J. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199205213262107 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
(2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s005 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Howard, B. V., Robbins, D. C., Sievers, M. L., Lee, E. T., Rhoades, D. A., Devereux, R. B., Cowan, L. D., Gray, R. S., Welty, T. K., Go, O. T., et al. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.3.830 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s005 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-s007 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking
Sherman, C. B. (1991) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00814-5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Tverdal, A., Thelle, D. S., Stensvold, I., Leren, P., & Bjartveit, K. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90025-v · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Cardiac consequences of diabetes mellitus
SHEHADEH, A. A., & Regan, T. J. (1995) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960180604 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
3. Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation
American Diabetes Association (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-s006 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes: early disease, early treatment?
Dahl‐Jørgensen, K., Larsen, J. R., & Hanssen, K. F. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1832-1 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Screening, prevention, counseling, and treatment for the complications of type II diabetes mellitus
Vijan, S. S., Stevens, D. L., Herman, W. H., Funnell, M. M., & Standiford, C. J. (1997) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.07111.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Orchard, T. J. (1996) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899608999089 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Indinavir impairs endothelial function in healthy HIV-negative men
Shankar, S. S., Dubé, M. P., Gorski, J. C., Klaunig, J. E., & Steinberg, H. O. (2005) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Reynolds, K., Liese, A. D., Anderson, A., Dabelea, D., Standiford, D. A., Daniels, S. R., Waitzfelder, B. E., Case, D., Loots, B., Imperatore, G., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.10.011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gorodeski, G. I. (1994) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)90017-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Diabetes: An Update
Mühlhauser, I. (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00283.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Manske, C. L. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.152.12.2450 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Correa‐de‐Araujo, R., Stevens, B., Moy, E. M., Nilasena, D. S., Chesley, F. D., & McDermott, K. A. (2006) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2005.04.003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Identification and Relative Weight of Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Hopkins, P. N., & Williams, R. R. (1986) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30632-5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Tyc, V. L., & Throckmorton‐Belzer, L. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2413 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Quality Improvement Initiatives
Hayward, R. A., Hofer, T. P., Kerr, E. A., & Krein, S. L. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.suppl_2.b54 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A. H., & Gregg, E. W. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.039 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gulliford, M. C., Sedgwick, J., & Pearce, A. (2003) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-3-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Behaviour therapy versus doctor's anti‐smoking advice in diabetic patients
Sawicki, P. T., Didjurgeit, U., Mühlhauser, I., & Berger, M. (1993) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00763.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mühlhauser, I. (1990) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01299.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Are Conventional Risk Factors for Mortality Relevant in Type 2 Diabetes?
Fitzgerald, A. J., & Jarrett, R. J. (1991) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01635.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Smoking, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in men in the Asia Pacific region
Kengne, A. P., Nakamura, K., Barzi, F., Tai Hing, L. A. M., Huxley, R., Gu, D., Patel, A. A., Kim, H. C., & Woodward, M. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00028.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The gynecologist and the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Wild, R. A., Taylor, E. L., & KNEHANS, A. W. (1995) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90076-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
THE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF TOBACCO AND TOBACCO-RELATED PRODUCTS
Mitchell, B., Sobel, H. L., & Alexander, M. H. (1999) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(05)70113-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jeong, S., Yoo, J. E., Park, J., Jung, W., Lee, K., Han, K., Lee, C. M., Nam, K., Seung-Pyo, L., & Shin, D. W. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01930-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ikeda, Y., Suehiro, T., TAKAMATSU, K., Yamashita, H., Tamura, T., & Hashimoto, K. (1997) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(97)01370-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Schmitz, A. (1997) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00152-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Smoking cessation and diabetes control in Kerala, India: an urgent need for health education
Thresia, C. U., Thankappan, K. R., & Nichter, M. (2009) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyp020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Anti‐smoking Programme for Diabetic Patients: The Agony and the Ecstasy
Fowler, P. M., Hoskins, P. L., McGill, M. J., Dutton, S. P., Yue, D., & Turtle, J. R. (1989) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1989.tb01260.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Failure to prevent nicotine addition in young people with diabetes.
Masson, E. A., MacFarlane, I. A., Priestley, C. J. F., Wallymahmed, M., & Flavell, H. J. (1992) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.67.1.100 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Diabetic complications and their implications on health care in Asia.
Leung, G. M., & Lam, K. S. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and arteriographically-documented coronary artery disease
Freedman, D. S., Grucho, H. W., Bamrah, V. S., Anderson, A. J., & Barboriak, J. J. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(88)90118-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Golay, A., Brock, E., Gabriel, R., Konrad, T., Lalic, N. M., Laville, M., Mingrone, G., Petrie, J. R., Phan, T., Pietiläinen, K. H., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12114 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Georges, A., Galbiati, L., & Clair, C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221783 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
King, A. C. (1990) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.150.9.1841 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dierkx, R., VANDEHOEK, W., Hoekstra, J. B. L., & Erkelens, D. W. (1996) · The Netherlands Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0300-2977(96)80018-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Glycemic control and cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes: a review
Wild, S. H., Dunn, C. J., McKeigue, P., & Comte, S. (1999) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199905/06)15:3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The kidney in non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Schmitz, A. (1992) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/bf00572545 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smoking among diabetes patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: cessation efforts are urgently needed
Padmawati, R. S., Ng, N., Prabandari, Y. S., & Nichter, M. (2009) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02241.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Schumacher, M. C., & Smith, K. R. (1988) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.78.9.1195 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Modifications of Coronary Risk Factors
Albu, J., Gottlieb, S. H., August, P., Nesto, R. W., & Orchard, T. J. (2006) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hadaegh, F., Derakhshan, A., Mozaffary, A., Hasheminia, M., Khalili, D., & Azizi, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149780 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ismail, A. A., Gill, G. V., Lawton, K., Houghton, G. M., & MacFarlane, I. A. (2000) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00230.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
How accurate is the smoking history in newly diagnosed diabetic patients?
Bodmer, C. W., MacFarlane, I. A., Flavell, H. J., Wallymahmed, M., & Calverley, P. M. (1990) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(90)90064-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Free Radical Activity in Young Adults with Insulin‐dependent Diabetes
Leonard, M., Lawton, K., Watson, I. D., Patrick, A. W., Walker, A. B., & MacFarlane, I. A. (1995) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb02061.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stacy, R. D., & Loyd, B. H. (1990) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(90)90061-o · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk in women with type 2 diabetes
Brandenburg, S. L., Lindenfeld, J. M., Reusch, J. E. B., & Regensteiner, J. G. (2003) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(03)00113-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Schumacher, M. C., Hunt, S. C., & Williams, R. R. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199007000-00007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Dornhorst, A., & Merrin, P. K. (1994) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.70.826.529 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jiang, F., Wang, J., Zhang, R., Chen, M., Peng, D., Sun, X., Yan, J. Y., Luo, Y., Tang, S., Hu, C., et al. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12379 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ogunniyi, M. O., & Kengne, A. P. (2011) · ISRN Cardiology · doi:10.5402/2011/242656 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Results and methodological quality of smoking and health studies
Wakefield, J. A. (1988) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90124-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Is the management of diabetes different in dialysis patients?
Coelho, S. (2018) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12698 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Okada, K., Kotani, K., Yagyu, H., & Ishibashi, S. (2014) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-85 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shang, Y., Wu, W., Dove, A. E., Guo, J., Welmer, A., Rizzuto, D., Fratiglioni, L., & Xu, W. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Smoking Cessation in People With and Without Diabetes After Acute Coronary Syndrome
Clement, L., Gencer, B., Müller, O., Klingenberg, R., Räber, L., Matter, C. M., Lüscher, T. F., Windecker, S., Mach, F., Rodondi, N., et al. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac161 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dean, J. D., Matthews, S. B., Dolben, J., Carolan‐Rees, G., Luzio, S. D., & Owens, D. R. (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00347.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Morimoto, A., Miyamatsu, N., Okamura, T., Hozawa, A., Kadota, A., Morinaga, M., Ogita, M., Kashiwagi, A., & Ueshima, H. (2010) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.3194 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Should diabetics be advised not to smoke? A review of the epidemiological evidence
Rana, B., & Botha, J. L. (1990) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.1960070204 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dyslipidemias in diabetic patients
Gates, G. S. (1994) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.1994.11945794 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Luepker, R. V. (2016) · Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications · doi:10.15212/cvia.2016.0025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Advanced Glycosylation Endproducts and Diabetic Vascular Disease
Bucala, R. (2000) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4649-8_15 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Echeverría, L. E., Saldarriaga, C., Campbell‐Quintero, S., Morales-Rodríguez, L. N., de León, J. D. L., Buitrago, A. F., Martínez-Carreño, E. M., Sandoval-Luna, J. A., Llamas, A., Moreno-Silgado, G. A., et al. (2024) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.6951 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Review Article : The Gynecologist and Cardiovascular Disease
Wild, R. A., Taylor, E. L., & KNEHANS, A. W. (1994) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1177/107155769400100203 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luepker, R. V. (2020) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56279-3_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Haustein, K.-O., & Groneberg, D. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87577-2_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Gulliford, M. C. (2005) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.1515a.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Diabetes Mellitus
Stout, R. W. (1992) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2734-9_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Proteinuria in Relation to Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetes Mellitus
McCance, D. R., & Hadden, D. R. (1992) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2734-9_11
Occult cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease in the diabetic
Elkeles, R. S. (1991) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3404-0_22
Leonard, M., & MacFarlane, I. A. (1996) · Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.3109/13590849608999134
Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Aspects
MACLENNAN, W. J., & Peden, N. R. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1672-1_4
Tobacco Use, Passive Smoking, and Cardiovascular Disease
Luepker, R. V. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1366-4.00020-2
Russo, C., & Mondati, E. G. M. (2013) · doi:10.2217/ebo.13.196
How can older adults combat diabetes to achieve a longer and healthier life
Shang, Y. (2021) · Figshare
Haustein, K.-O. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05256-3_9
Haustein, K.-O. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73309-6_10
What is the Evidence that Changing Tobacco use Reduces the Incidence of Diabetic Complications?
Wingard, D. L., Barrett-Connor, E. L., & Wedick, N. M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470682807.ch8
Self-citationReferences, Bibliography & Further Reading
(2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10081-9.00007-5
Kumar, P., kumar, D. S. K. S., Dr.S.Vignesh, D. S. V., R.Malavikka, R. M., S.Manibharathi, S. M., U.Ramya, U. R., & K.Roshni, K. R. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications · doi:10.35629/4494-100117141737
Jeong, S.-M., Yoo, J. E., Park, J., Jung, W., Lee, K. N., Han, K., Lee, C. M., Nam, K.-W., Lee, S.-P., & Shin, D. W. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23804898
Jeong, S.-M., Yoo, J. E., Park, J., Jung, W., Lee, K. N., Han, K., Lee, C. M., Nam, K.-W., Lee, S.-P., & Shin, D. W. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23804895
- Authors
- SUAREZ, L., & BARRETT-CONNOR, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- BARRETT-CONNOR, ELIZABETH
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1984-11
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 670-675
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2159061375
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, systolic blood pressure, older adults, population attributable fraction, cardiovascular risk prediction
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Blood Pressure, California, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Death Certificates, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Sex Factors, Smoking, Diabetes Complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
